scholarly journals COMPARISON OF FORMS AND TECTONICS OF OLD CLASSICAL ERA HINDU TEMPLE IN JAVA WITH HINDU TEMPLES OF PALLAVA ERA IN SOUTH INDIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
pp. 306-323
Author(s):  
Laurentius Nicholas Rodriques ; Rahadhian P. Herwindo
Keyword(s):  
South India ◽  
Initial Image ◽  
Hindu Temple ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Hindu Temples ◽  
Architecture Style ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Unique Relationship

Abstract- Hindu temples in Java and Hindu temples in South India, often receive attention in the world of architecture due to the similarity of the Dravidian Architecture style of the temple in both places. The similarities are marked by the shape of a layered pyramid roof, yet it is not exactly similar if we observe all the architecture features and elements. The author tries to simplify the comparison of form and tectonics as seen from the general tectonic division of a building which are the feet, body and head. From the findings, it can be concluded that there are similarities in the 'basic idea' or 'initial image' of Hindu temple buildings in both places. However, after careful review of the form and tectonics in both places, they have their own unrelated characteristics. This study shows a unique relationship between the architecture of the Javanese Hindu Temple and South India where the relationship that occurs cannot be said to be one of the parties influencing the other party or vice versa. The findings from this study actually show the thick characteristics of each place. The distinguishing factor could be due to differences in nature, preferences, culture or technology at the two locations in that era. Even though Hinduism is a religion that originated from India, it seems that in terms of architecture it cannot be said that Javanese copied Indian Hindu architecture. This research shows that the architecture of Hindu temples has a common thread that binds to its basic principles, but the results of design processing will differ depending on the context and design. Key Words: temple, temple, Hindu, Javanese, South Indian, Form, Tectonic

The Economic Function of a Medieval South Indian Temple

1960 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burton Stein
Keyword(s):  
South India ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Indian History ◽  
Agrarian Economy ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Hindu Temples ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Economic Function

The economic importance of Hindu temples in medieval South India has been commented upon by most students of South Indian history. Without exception, the temple is seen to have had a central place in the dominantly agrarian economy of South India prior to the extension of British control in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. However, beyond recognition of the significant economic functions of medieval South Indian temples, little attention has been given to the matter.

Religious Gifting and Inland Commerce in Seventeenth-Century South India

1987 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
David West Rudner
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
South India ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
South Indian ◽  
European Trade ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Commercial Expansion ◽  
Transactional Models

AbstractsMost accounts of South Indian commerce in the seventeenth century depend on European documents and focus on Indo-European trade along the Malabar and Coromandel coasts. This article makes use of indigenous documents to analyze the way a caste of itinerant salt traders, the Nakarattars, combined worship and commerce in the interior of Tamil-speaking South India. It focuses on Nakarattar activities in the seventeenth century before they had achieved power under their better-known name, Nattukottai Chettiars, and at a time when their commercial expansion was just getting under way and when the close association of this expansion with rituals of religious gifting was already apparent. The two main purposes of the article are to illuminate the ritual dimension of commercial activity in precolonial South India and to enrich current transactional models of the relationship between temples and small groups in South India by incorporating a mercantile perspective.

scholarly journals PERTANGGALAN RELATIF CANDI RONGGENG DI KABUPATEN CIAMIS, JAWA BARAT

AMERTA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-160
Author(s):  
Rus Yanti ◽  
Nanang Saptono ◽  
Endang Widyastuti
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Shallow Foundation ◽  
Hindu Temple ◽  
West Java ◽  
Relative Dating ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
Hindu Temples ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Temple

Abstract. The Relative Dating of Candi Ronggeng in Ciamis, West Java. Ronggeng temple is one of the Hindu temples in West Java. The temple was first discovered in 1976 and was excavated again in 1984, 1985, and 2016. The aim of excavations was to follow up on local government requests for zoning as an effort to preserve the temple. The early publication in 1984 placed the temple from the 8th -16th centuries whilst in the latest publication in 2011 placed the temple as a sacred ancient Sundanese building from the 13th-16 Th centuries. The purpose of this paper is to review the Ronggeng temple dating based on comparison with other temples in which the shapes and dates are known namely with Pananjung, Indihiang, and Bojongmenje temples. By comparing the excavations data and reviewing the historical context, the relative chronology of the Ronggeng temple was analyzed again. The results show that the Ronggeng temple is a Hindu temple built by a shallow foundation with tuff material. This temple is presumed to be originated from the 7 th-14th centuries according to the context of the time when Hinduism influenced Ciamis as seen in Tarumanagara and Kawali inscriptions. The range of this period is included in pre-Sunda or the times before the name of Sunda was first mentioned in the Rakryan Juru Pangambat inscription in 932 CE to Sunda period. At this time, the Hindu influence had already reached the hinterland of Sunda before the Buddha’s.   Abstrak. Candi Ronggeng merupakan salah satu candi Hindu di Jawa Barat. Candi itu pertama kali ditemukan pada 1976 dan digali kembali pada 1984, 1985, dan 2016. Penggalian bertujuan untuk menindaklanjuti permintaan pemerintah daerah untuk dilakukan zonasi sebagai upaya awal pelestarian. Publikasi awal yang dilakukan pada tahun 1984 menempatkan kronologi candi dari abad ke-8—16, sedangkan publikasi terakhir pada tahun 2011 menempatkan Candi Ronggeng sebagai bangunan suci Sunda Kuno berkurun waktu abad ke-13--16. Tujuan penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk mengkaji ulang pertanggalan Candi Ronggeng berdasarkan perbandingan dengan candi lain yang sudah diketahui bentuk dan kronologinya, yaitu dengan Candi Pananjung, Candi Indihiang, dan Candi Bojongmenje. Dengan melakukan perbandingan hasil ekskavasi dan tinjauan konteks kesejarahan, kronologi Candi Ronggeng dianalisis kembali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Candi Ronggeng adalah candi yang dibangun dengan konstruksi fondasi dangkal dengan material tufa. Candi itu diduga berasal dari kisaran masa abad ke-7--14 sesuai dengan konteks saat Ciamis mendapat pengaruh Hindu yang terlihat dari prasasti masa Tarumanagara dan Kawali. Kisaran masa ini termasuk ke dalam masa pra-Sunda atau masa sebelum nama Sunda disebut pertama kali dalam Prasasti Rakryan Juru Pangambat pada 932 hingga memasuki masa Sunda. Pada masa itu, pengaruh Hindu diduga sudah lebih dahulu memengaruhi wilayah pedalaman Sunda sebelum Buddha.

scholarly journals Does Job Satisfaction and Employee Commitment pave way for Employee Engagement in IT Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S4) ◽  
pp. 307-313
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Employee Engagement ◽  
South India ◽  
Human Resources Management ◽  
Employee Commitment ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Hygiene Factors ◽  
Strongly Agree ◽  
The Relationship

Present study is a descriptive and analytical in nature aiming to bring out the relationship of job satisfaction and employee commitment on employee engagement of the employees working in IT companies of South India. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study adopts descriptive and analytical approach it, starts with clear variables which are derived from theory and based on these variables. The data for the study was collected through the structured questionnaire. The sample for the present study was collected from the IT companies working in South India. A total 785 questionnaires were returned by the respondents, this indicating a response rate of 59 %. The questionnaire uses five point Likert type response format is used for all the measures ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. SPSS 21 and Microsoft excel are the statistical packages and correlation and regression are the tools used in the present study Findings: A significant relationship was found between job satisfaction and commitment with employee engagement of the employees working in IT companies of South India. If Job Satisfaction does not exist in an employee, his level of engagement would be minimal. Employee may be working to maintain hygiene factors according to Herzberg but the management won’t be able to motivate him to either enhance productivity or engage him with the organization. Commitment comes when the hygiene factors are maintained. Every employees looks forward to ensure that the employee is committed. Only then they can motivate them to be engaged. Hence, it observed that all the commitment of employees are mandatory for employee engagement Originality/value: This study provides insightful findings in understanding the role organizational competencies like job satisfaction and employee commitment play in facilitating employee engagement. This study also shows the importance of the demographic variables with employee’s engagement. In spite of the limitations of the research, the study contributed to the international human resources management by exploring the South Indian IT company’s context. The theoretical framework proposes the relationship between employee engagement, job satisfaction and employee commitment. The study has found that job satisfaction and employee commitment is correlated with employee engagement and serves as the important indicator for engaging employees.

Temples, Donors, and Gifts: Patterns of Patronage in Thirteenth-Century South India

1991 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Talbot
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
South India ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Hindu Temple ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
The Common ◽  
Methods Of Control

The common model of the Hindu temple of South India has stressed its significance as the main integrative factor binding the disparate elements of precolonial society into one social fabric. As a focal point for economic redistribution, the South Indian temple was the conduit through which exchange occurred: material goods were transformed into the symbols of prestige and influence known as temple honors (Appadurai and Breckenridge 1976). The legitimacy of the medieval South Indian ruler rested on his role as the donor par excellence, and his sovereignty had a ritual basis that was far stronger than his more mundane methods of control (Stein 1980: 45–46). The foremost reason South Indian temples were able to perform this integrative function was their wide appeal in the society—their ability to incorporate members of different communities into one community of worship. By providing employment to artisans, peasants and shepherds and by lending money to agriculturalists in their vicinities, South Indian temples also redistributed the property of the wealthy to other segments of society (Spencer 1968:292). The widespread approval accorded to patrons of temples meant that, during the later Vijayanagara age, religious gifting could be used as a strategy by outside warriors for creating allegiances on the local level in Tamil Nadu (Appadurai 1977:55–59).

scholarly journals RELATION OF ANCIENT MATARAM TEMPLE BASED ON NORTH INDIA AND SOUTH INDIA’S CHARACTERISTICS: FROM THE FIGURE-TECTONICS, MASS-SPACE STUDY, AND ORNAMENTATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (04) ◽  
pp. 334-347
Author(s):  
Samuel H. B. Danuleksono ◽  
Rahadhian Prajudi Herwindo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Planning ◽  
South India ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
North India ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Central Java ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
North And South

Abstract- Hinduism is a religion that was born in India and has developed rapidly into the archipelago with evidence of Sanskrit inscriptions and Pallava. The religion had a significant influence on Java which changed the political, economic, social and cultural life which at that time was still a kingdom. The arrival of Indians to Indonesia affected by the reverse flow between Indonesia and India and India and Indonesia. This can be seen by the presence of Indonesian dormitories in Nalanda (North India) and Nagapattinam (South India). The influence of North and South India can be seen from the existence of Hindu-Buddhist temples in the Archipelago which was built in one of the Hindu kingdoms, namely the Kingdom of Ancient Mataram which had areas of authority from Central Java to East Java. The temples that were built are thought to have an identity with temples in North and South India in terms of figure, inner space tectonics, mass layout, spatial planning, and ornamentation. This identity is thought to be a close relationship between North India and South India with Indonesia, especially in the era of Ancient Mataram. The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship or relationship of Ancient Mataram era temple architecture to North and South Indian temple architecture. The analysis method used is the comparative – qualitative method. Work plans, plans, pieces, site plans, and block plans of 28 Hindu-Buddha tower types in Central Java will be compared in terms of similarities and differences and then analyzed regarding the position of the laying, and elements of the temple so that the relationship between the two countries is found. Data obtained from literature studies and field surveys. The conclusion drawn from this study is that there is a closer relationship with South India than North India. The influence of North India and South India is only limited to the external appearance in the study of figure and ornamentation, while in the study of mass and spatial planning and inner space tectonics is more developed by the people of Ancient Mataram which is adjusted to traditional values and natural influences.     Key Words: figure, tectonics, mass layout, spatial planning, ornamentation, North and South India, Ancient Mataram

THE TEMPLE IN 2 MACCABEES – DYNAMICS AND EPISODES

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 352-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre J Jordaan
Keyword(s):  
Minor Importance ◽  
Jerusalem Temple ◽  
Negative View ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Temple

Scholars differ among each other about the importance of the Jerusalem temple in 2 Maccabees. Some see the temple as of minor importance while others are of the opinion that the temple takes centre stage in this book. This article concurs with the second view. However, it goes further by also exploring crucial temple dynamics. These temple dynamics are determined by certain pre-set criteria and centre mainly on the relationship between God and the nation. The result is that three different temple episodes can be distinguished. The positive/negative view of each temple episode is determined by this relationship between the nation and God. This opens a new way of exploring 2 Maccabees.

Kajian Sosiologis Terhadap Tema Lakon ‘Domba-domba Revolusi’ Karya Bambang Soelarto

Panggung ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Sahid
Keyword(s):  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
The Political ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Sociology Of Art ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTRevolutionary struggle in order to compete for the independence of Indonesia has been a source of inspiration Indonesian artists, including Bambang Soelarto who wrote drama Domba-domba Re- volusi (DDR). DDR studied drama is quite interesting because it tries to criticize the freedom fight- ers. This study aims to: first to know the theme and the problem plays DDR; second to determine the relationship of the socio - historical struggle in 1948 with the sociological elements of drama DDR themes and issues. This study uses sociological theory of art. The basic principles of the sociology of art is the fact that the creation of works of art influenced by the historical social conditions where the work was created. Research using content analysis of Krippendorf, the methods used to examine the symbolic phenomena with the aim to explore and express the observed phenomenon which is the content, meaning, and an essential element of the literary work. Based results of this research is that Bambang Soelarto as the author tries to capture di?erence between fighters during the struggle for the political aspirations for 1948 are expressed in a work of drama. Historical events inspired the creation of drama DDR. Soelarto want to respond to the political aspirations of the di?erence between historical figures and wanted to provide an assessment and outlook through DDR.Keywords: themes, drama, sociology of art, social historical ABSTRAKRevolusi perjuangan dalam rangka memperebutkan kemerdekaan Indonesia telah men- jadi sumber inspirasi para seniman Indonesia, termasuk Bambang Soelarto yang menulis drama Domba-domba Revolusi (DDR). Drama DDR cukup menarik diteliti karena mencoba mengkritisi para pejuang kemerdekaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: pertama, mengeta- hui tema dan permasalah drama DDR; kedua, mengetahui hubungan kondisi sosio-histo- ris perjuangan pada tahun 1948 dengan unsur-unsur sosiologis terimplisir pada unsur tema dan masalah drama DDR. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori sosiologi seni. Prinsip dasar dari sosiologi seni adalah adanya fakta bahwa penciptaan karya seni dipengaruhi oleh kon- disi sosial historis tempat karya itu diciptakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode con- tent analysis dari Krippendorf, yakni metode yang dipergunakan untuk meneliti fenome- na-fenomena simbolik dengan tujuan untuk menggali dan mengungkapkan fenomena yang teramati yang merupakan isi, makna, dan unsur esensial karya sastra. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa Bambang Soelarto sebagai penulis mencoba un- tuk menangkap perbedaan antara pejuang aspirasi politik selama perjuangan tahun 1948 untuk diekspresikan dalam sebuah karya drama. Peristiwa sejarah mengilhami penciptaan drama DDR. Soelarto ingin menanggapi aspirasi politik perbedaan antara tokoh-tokoh se- jarah dan ingin memberikan penilaian dan pandangan pandangannnya melalui DDR.Kata kunci: tema, drama, sosiologi seni, sosial historis

Hypertension, Cerebrovascular Disease and Stomach Cancer: Is the Salt Hypothesis True?

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (s7) ◽  
pp. 369s-371s ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul K. Whelton ◽  
Peter Goldblatt
Keyword(s):  
Stomach Cancer ◽  
Death Certificate ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Disease Associations ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
Diagnostic Concordance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Unique Relationship

1. Analysis of age-adjusted death rates from 21 countries over a 20-year period identified the presence of a strong positive association between recorded mortality from stroke, hypertension and stomach cancer. However, the slopes of regression lines for secular trends analyses varied considerably from country to country, suggesting an inconsistency in the pattern of the relationship. 2. A death certificate study of diagnostic concordance correctly identified previously known disease associations but failed to recognise any special relationship between stroke and stomach cancer or hypertension and stomach cancer. 3. Our results fail to confirm the presence of a unique relationship between stroke and stomach cancer. On the basis of these observations, the hypothesis that exposure to salt increases an individual's risk of developing both stroke and stomach cancer seems unlikely.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Skeletal Craniofacial Asymmetry in South Indian Population

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Anil Kumar ◽  
Saibel Farishta ◽  
G Baiju ◽  
VK Taneja ◽  
RC Minocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
South India ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Cranial Base ◽  
The Other ◽  
South Indian Population ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Base Area ◽  
South Indian ◽  
The Face

ABSTRACT The present study was undertaken to assess the skeletal craniofacial asymmetry in South Indian population by a posteroanterior cephalometric radiographic method. The skeletal craniofacial structures on one side of the face were compared with that of the other, by drawing various triangles representing different craniofacial regions. The sample consisted of 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females) aged between 18 to 25 years, who were mainly dental college students from South India. Overall 52 X-rays were obtained, with four errors each in the male and the female groups. The results revealed that the total facial structures in the South Indian population were larger on the left side (statistically insignificant). The cranial base area exhibited a greater degree of asymmetry than any other component area of the face, which might be due to the inaccuracy at the condylar point. How to cite this article Taneja VK, Kumar GA, Farishta S, Minocha RC, Baiju G, Gopal D. An Assessment of Skeletal Craniofacial Asymmetry in South Indian Population. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(1):80-84.

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