Still Struggling: America's Low-Income Working Women Confronting the 1980s.

Abstract Introduction: Urinary incontinence (UI) can affect women's lives in all areas, including in the occupational context, due to an uncomfortable workplace, incorrect positions for long periods of time and the handling of heavy items. Another worrying aspect is that the knowledge about urinary incontinence, in the health area, and its forms of treatment is still small among the low-income population. Objective: To verify the prevalence and knowledge about urinary incontinence and treatment possibilities among low-income working women. Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out on working women of a poultry processing plant. Results: The study included 136 women with an average age of 33.7 ± 9.7 years; body mass index of 26.6 ± 5.6 kg/m2; parity of 2.1 ± 1.1 children; monthly income of 2.3 ± 1 minimum wages. Of those interviewed, 63.9% were white; 44.8% had incomplete primary education; 52.9% were single; 53.6% underwent cesarean section delivery; and of those who underwent normal labor delivery, 86.6% underwent episiotomy. The prevalence of urinary incontinence was found to be 2.9%, and among the women affected, two reported that UI led to sexual, social, water and occupational restriction, and one of them believes that UI interferes with her concentration and productivity in the workplace. Regarding health knowledge, 46.3% had never heard of urinary incontinence before, and more than half (66.1%) did not know about the existence of medical treatment. All women interviewed (100%) were unaware of the existence of physiotherapeutic treatment. Conclusion: The prevalence of urinary incontinence was among those interviewed was small, however, the knowledge about the symptoms and possibilities of medical, and mainly physiotherapeutic treatment. is scarce among these women. This study allows to alert and to guide the health professionals and the society about the importance of actions that promote health education in the low income population, besides allowing these women to prevent or seek the appropriate treatment in order to guarantee a better quality of life.

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“At Your Service”: Sexual Harassment of Female Bartenders and Its Acceptance As “Norm” in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260520967748 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 088626052096774

Author(s):

Richard A. Aborisade

Keyword(s):

Sexual Harassment ◽

Low Income ◽

Working Women ◽

Restaurant Industry ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Limited Attention ◽

Sexual Objectification ◽

Sexual Crimes ◽

Objectification Of Women ◽

Unwanted Sexual Behavior

Notwithstanding the pervasiveness of sexual harassment in the bar and restaurant industry, limited attention has been paid to empirically examining the dynamics of sexual crimes committed in the industry. To address this, a qualitative study was conducted with female bartenders in drinking bars within Lagos metropolis to explore the nature and patterns of sexual harassments they experienced, as well as their response, coping measures and bar management’s positions. Forty-seven interviews were conducted, and a thematic analysis of the narratives was carried out. Findings indicated that participants experienced a variety of unwanted sexual behavior from customers, coworkers and managers, including verbal expressions, signs, gestures and physical harassment that are sexual in nature. Although sexual harassment is ubiquitous, there was appreciable recognition of it as being undesirable and problematic with feelings of anger, fear, humiliation, shame, guilt, violation, powerlessness and loss of control. Participants hinged their vulnerability to being harassed on gender inequality, discrimination, feminization of poverty and sexual objectification of women in Nigerian society. These findings have important practical and policy implications if the sexual maltreatments of working women in Nigeria, especially in the low-income earning occupations, are to be acknowledged and addressed.

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Stability of Health Care Coverage among Low-Income Working Women

Health & Social Work ◽

10.1093/hsw/30.1.7 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 7-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

S. G. Anderson ◽

M. K. Eamon

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Low Income ◽

Working Women ◽

Health Care Coverage

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The Cost of Prenatal Care Attendance and Pregnancy Outcomes in Low-Income Working Women

Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing ◽

10.1177/0884217505280276 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 551-560 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marilyn Stringer ◽

Sarah J. Ratcliffe ◽

Emily C. Evans ◽

Linda P. Brown

Keyword(s):

Prenatal Care ◽

Low Income ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Working Women ◽

The Cost

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Does The Unconditional Cash Transfer Program in South Africa Provide Support for Women After Child Birth? Barriers To Accessing The Child Support Grant Among Women in Informal Work in Durban, South Africa

10.21203/rs.3.rs-871452/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Silondile Luthuli ◽

Lyn Haskins ◽

Sphindile Mapumulo ◽

Christiane Horwood

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Low Income ◽

Child Support ◽

Working Women ◽

Cash Transfer ◽

Transfer Program ◽

Application Process ◽

Informal Workers ◽

Child Support Grant ◽

Unconditional Cash Transfer

Abstract Background The child support grant (CSG) is the largest unconditional cash transfer program in Africa and aims to alleviate poverty and improve child health and nutrition in low-income families in South Africa. Among informal working women, the CSG is an important source of income after childbirth when informal workers are unable to work, but reports suggest that women experience delays in accessing the CSG. We explore experiences and challenges accessing the CSG among informal workers in Durban, South Africa Methods We undertook a longitudinal mixed-methods cohort study. Women informal workers were recruited during pregnancy and followed-up for up to one year after the baby was born. Quantitative questionnaires and semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to collect data about women’s plans for applying for the CSG, the application process, use of the CSG in the household, and household food insecurity. Interviews were conducted in IsiZulu by experienced researchers. Descriptive analysis of quantitative data used SPSS v26, and framework analysis using NVIVO v12.3 was used for qualitative analysis. Results Twenty-four informal working women were enrolled. The CSG received for older children was reported as an important and reliable source of income for mothers after childbirth. However, delays receiving the CSG for the new baby meant this support was unavailable to first-time mothers. The complex application process for the CSG required mothers to go to various government departments to complete the required documentation, often taking the baby with them. This was costly and time-consuming for mothers who were already vulnerable, and led to delays in obtaining CSG funds. Many women experienced moderate or severe food insecurity before and after the baby was born. As a result, some mothers had to return to work earlier than planned, disrupting childcare and breastfeeding. Conclusion Cash transfer programmes can effectively support low income households and improve outcomes for mothers and children. In South Africa there is a need for innovative approaches to streamline CSG applications, so women can access the funds immediately post-delivery to fill a resource gap and provide support at a vulnerable time for mothers and their children.

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Does the unconditional cash transfer program in South Africa provide support for women after child birth? Barriers to accessing the child support grant among women in informal work in Durban, South Africa

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-022-12503-7 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Silondile Luthuli ◽

Lyn Haskins ◽

Sphindile Mapumulo ◽

Christiane Horwood

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Low Income ◽

Child Support ◽

Working Women ◽

Cash Transfer ◽

Transfer Program ◽

Application Process ◽

Informal Workers ◽

Child Support Grant ◽

Unconditional Cash Transfer

Abstract Background The child support grant (CSG) is the largest unconditional cash transfer program in Africa and aims to alleviate poverty and improve child health and nutrition in low-income families in South Africa. Among informal working women, the CSG is an important source of income after childbirth when informal workers are unable to work, but reports suggest that women experience delays in accessing the CSG. We explore experiences and challenges of accessing the CSG among informal workers in Durban, South Africa. Methods We undertook a longitudinal mixed-methods cohort study. Women informal workers were recruited during pregnancy and followed-up for up to one year after the baby was born. Quantitative questionnaires and semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to collect data about women’s plans for applying for the CSG, the application process, use of the CSG in the household, and household food insecurity. Interviews were conducted in IsiZulu by experienced researchers. Descriptive analysis of quantitative data used SPSS v26, and framework analysis using NVIVO v12.3 was used for qualitative analysis. Results Twenty-four informal working women were enrolled. The CSG received for older children was reported as an important and reliable source of income for mothers after childbirth. However, delays receiving the CSG for the new baby meant this support was unavailable to first-time mothers. The complex application process for the CSG required mothers to travel to various government departments to complete the required documentation, often taking the baby with them. This was costly and time-consuming for mothers who were already vulnerable, and led to delays in obtaining CSG funds. Many women experienced moderate or severe food insecurity before and after the baby was born. As a result, some mothers had to return to work earlier than planned, disrupting childcare and breastfeeding. Conclusions Cash transfer programmes can effectively support low income households and improve outcomes for mothers and children. In South Africa there is a need for innovative approaches to streamline CSG applications, so women can access the funds immediately post-delivery to fill a resource gap and provide support at a vulnerable time for mothers and their children.

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Gender Discrimination in the Workplace: Effects on Pregnancy Planning and Childbirth among South Korean Women

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16152672 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (15) ◽

pp. 2672 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ji-Hye Kim ◽

Sarah Soyeon Oh ◽

Suk Won Bae ◽

Eun-Cheol Park ◽

Sung-In Jang

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Working Women ◽

Korean Women ◽

Pregnancy Planning ◽

South Korean ◽

Childbirth Experience ◽

Income Groups ◽

Study Population

Introduction: This study aims to investigate the association between gender discrimination in the workplace and pregnancy planning/childbirth experiences among working women in South Korea. Methods: We analyzed data from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families (KLoWF) for the years 2007 to 2016. The study population consisted of 7996 working women, between the ages of 19 and 45. Gender discrimination was measured through the 6-item Workplace Gender Discrimination Scale, evaluating discrimination in terms of recruitment, promotions, pay, deployment, training and lay-offs. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to measure the association between gender discrimination and the pregnancy planning/childbirth experience. Results: Compared to individuals experiencing no discrimination in the workplace, those experiencing low [odds ratio (OR): 0.78, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.61–0.99] or medium (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.54–0.89) levels of discrimination had decreased odds of pregnancy planning. Likewise, individuals scoring low (OR: 0.70, 95% CI 0.54–0.92), medium (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.51–0.92), or high (OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.27–0.80) levels of discrimination also had decreased odds of childbirth experience when compared to the no-experience group. When stratified by income, compared to individuals experiencing no discrimination in the workplace, those experiencing gender discrimination had decreased odds of pregnancy planning for low income (low OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.45–0.92; medium OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.52–0.97; high OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.24–0.87), medium income (medium OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.37–0.77; high OR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.14–0.63), and high income groups (low OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.49–0.84; medium OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.52–0.92). Conclusions: The present study finds that gender discrimination in the workplace is associated with decreased odds of pregnancy planning/childbirth experience among working South Korean women. Furthermore, low and medium income groups were especially more likely to be affected by the level of gender discrimination in the workplace when planning pregnancy.

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Time Poverty, Work Status and Gender: The Case of Pakistan

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v51i1pp.23-46 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 23-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Najam-us-saqib Najam-us-saqib ◽

G.M. Arif

Keyword(s):

Time Use ◽

Low Income ◽

Close Association ◽

Working Women ◽

Work Hours ◽

High Concentration ◽

Time Poverty ◽

Wage Rates ◽

Time Use Survey ◽

And Gender

The present study measures time poverty and its incidence across gender, occupational groups, industries, regions, and income levels using Time Use Survey (TUS) 2007, the first nationwide time use survey for Pakistan. In the entire TUS sample, the incidence of time poverty is 14 percent. Women are found to be more time poor than men whether employed or not. This is because of certain women-specific activities that they have to perform irrespective of their employment status. Working women are far more time poor than those not working.. Women accepting a job have to make a major trade-off between time poverty and monetary poverty. People working in professions and industries that generally require extended work hours and offer low wage rates are more time poor. This entails a situation of double jeopardy for workers who tend to be money and time poor at the same time. The close association of time poverty with low income found in this study corroborates this conclusion. Government can help reduce time poverty by enforcing minimum wage laws and mandatory ceiling on work hours in industries with high concentration of time poverty. Eradication of monetary poverty can also eliminate the need to work long hours at low wages just to survive. A fair distribution of responsibilities between men and women.is also needed. Keywords: Time Poverty, Gender Disparities, Time Use, SNA Activities, Time Use Survey, Pakistan

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