The Multilateral Supervision of International Trade: Has the Textiles Experiment Worked?

1981 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary H. Perlow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
South Korea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clothing Industry ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
Commercial Activities

The largest industry in the United States, India, Austria, Pakistan, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Portugal, among others, is the textile and clothing industry. And perhaps in no other sector of postwar trade, save agriculture, have such persistent cries for protection been raised. Trade in textiles has demanded and received special treatment from national and international authorities since the late 1950’s. It is against this backdrop that some of the more important developments in the international regulation of commercial activities have occurred.

Current Trends in Nursing Research Across Five Locations: The United States, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and Hong Kong

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 671-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun‐Ok Im ◽  
Reiko Sakashita ◽  
Chia‐Chin Lin ◽  
Tae‐Hwa Lee ◽  
Hsiu‐Min Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
South Korea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nursing Research ◽  
United States South ◽  
Current Trends

scholarly journals Full-Length Genome Characterization of Chinese Porcine Deltacoronavirus Strain CH/SXD1/2015

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangzhou Chen ◽  
Yinxing Zhu ◽  
Meizhou Wu ◽  
Xugang Ku ◽  
Li Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chinese Mainland ◽  
Genome Characterization ◽  
The Chinese Mainland ◽  
Full Length Genome

A porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was identified in the Chinese mainland and found to be closely related to Hong Kong strain HKU15-155 but differed from PDCoV strains in the United States and South Korea. The complete genome of PDCoV strain CH/SXD1/201 was sequenced and analyzed to further characterize PDCoV in Chinese swine.

Dialectical Thinking and Attitudes toward Action/Inaction Beyond East Asia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan Zell ◽  
Rong Su ◽  
Dolores Albarracín
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
South Korea ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Previous Theory ◽  
Dialectical Thinking

Previous research has focused primarily on assessing dialectical thinking among respondents in representative East Asian and Western nations (e.g., China, Japan, South Korea, and the United States). This chapter examines how dialectical thinking varies across 19 nations/subnations spanning four continents. Consistent with previous theory, dialectical thinking was highest in East Asian societies, such as mainland China, Hong Kong, and Japan. Dialectical thinking was lowest in Guatemala, Turkey, and Italy. Further, both individual and nation-level dialecticism significantly predicted attitudes toward action and inaction. That is, both cultural groups and individuals high in dialectical thinking evidenced greater balance and moderation in attitudes toward action and inaction than cultural groups and individuals low in dialectical thinking. Given that dialectical thinking exists to some degree in a variety of cultures, factors that cultivate dialecticism in both East Asian and Western cultures are addressed. The chapter concludes with discussion of avenues for future research examining patterns of dialectical thinking across the globe.

scholarly journals South Korean Taxes on Alcoholic Beverage

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
Raden Ajeng Cendikia Aurelie Maharani ◽  
Arjie Sukmawijaya Arpian Putra ◽  
Angela Melani Widjaja ◽  
Tyananda Agathalia Kumara
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Channels Of Distribution ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Alcohol Tax

This research aims to find out whether Korea violates the provisions of International trade Article III: 2 First sentence and second sentence of GATT in 1994. Soju is a traditional alcoholic beverage that is most famous in Korea has been produced in a diluted manner so that the beverage content of 25% alcoholic soju can be said that the beverage has a content that is below 20%. But people in European countries and the United States have complaints or opinions that they do not agree with the alcohol tax policy in South Korea, especially soju is considered unfair. So Korea is trying to offer a preference for taxes on soju drinks compared to certain imported western-style drinks. The research conclusions show that Soju and Imported Liquor Spirits are not substitutive products. Soju and Imported Liquor Spirits do not compete directly, seen from the fact that although there has been a decrease in the number of Soju sales in Korea since the ILS tax was lowered, the distance between Soju and ILS sales is still far away. So from the facts above, South Korea does not violate GATT Article III: 2 Second Sentence. From our explanation above, Like Products is a cumulative requirement to meet: Common Charateristics End Uses Channels of distribution Prices. From that data, South Korea does not violate GATT Article III: 2 First Sentence and Second Sentence although there are differences in tax imposition because the two products, Soju and ILS are not like products.

Establishing healthy pharmaceutical regulations on statutory exclusivity: Lessons from the experience in the European Union, Canada, South Korea, Australia, and the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung-Bok Son
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
International Trade ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
International Trade Agreements ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Abstracts Objectives Recent international trade agreements require member countries a prolonged statutory exclusivity for biologics, and domestic legislation guarantees various forms of exclusivity for specific drugs, indications, or studies. This study notes prolonged exclusivity provisions for biologics in the United States and international trade agreements. We aim to review various exclusivity systems, including chemical entities, in selected high-income countries and to suggest implications for establishing the system specifically relevant for biologics in low- and middle-income countries. Methods We conducted a review of a comprehensive range of literature to develop the framework. Then, a comparative legal analysis was conducted to analyze the deviations among the systems in the European Union, Canada, South Korea, Australia, and the United States. Results There is constructive ambiguity in international trade agreements, specifically for provisions regarding biologics. Furthermore, the selected countries operate different statutory exclusivity systems in terms of eligibility for statutory exclusivity, specific measures for exclusivity, and other elements of exclusivity. In addition, market exclusivity, which is distinguished from data exclusivity, is not available in Korea and Australia. There are also various forms of statutory exclusivity for specific drugs, indications, or studies requested by the marketing authority. Conclusions Given constructive ambiguities in international agreements and variations in the manner of implementations of the systems in selected countries, statutory exclusivity for biologics could be established with cautions to mediate the harms. In this study, we suggest several solutions and alternatives for low- and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals BIBLIOMETRIC OVERVIEW OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH/MANAGEMENT SCIENCE RESEARCH IN ASIA

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 217-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAO-LONG CHANG ◽  
PAO-NUAN HSIEH
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Operations Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Science ◽  
Research Management ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
The Impact

This paper evaluates the distribution of papers published by Asian authors in Operations Research and Management Science (OR/MS) journals from 1968 to 2006. The impact of OR/MS research in Asia is compared with that of the United States and the World, and research trends are highlighted through an analysis of keywords. From 1968 to 2006, 89,293 papers were published in 60 OR/MS journals. Of these, 41.4% came from USA and 16.6% came from seven Asian countries/regions. The contribution of different countries/regions is as follows: Japan 3.7%, Taiwan 3.2%, India 2.3%, Hong Kong 2.2%, South Korea 2.1%, People's Republic of China (PRC) 1.9%, and Singapore 1.2%. Among all the articles analyzed, 20% have a single author, and 9% have more than three authors; additionally, 22 papers have been cited more than 100 times and 29% have never been cited. Most articles originating in Japan, Taiwan, India, South Korea, PRC, and Singapore are produced in collaboration with local scholars, followed by authors from the United States. Hong Kong is a notable exception, 73% of articles from Hong Kong are produced in cooperation with the PRC, followed by local scholars. The five most productive institutions are as follows: The Indian Institute of Technology, the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, the National University of Singapore, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and the National Chiao-Tung University (Taiwan).

scholarly journals How Culture and Sociopolitical Tensions Might Influence People’s Acceptance of COVID-19 Control Measures That Use Individual-Level Georeferenced Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 490
Author(s):  
Jianwei Huang ◽  
Mei-Po Kwan ◽  
Junghwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
South Korea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
And Gender

This study extends an earlier study in the United States and South Korea on people’s privacy concerns for and acceptance of COVID-19 control measures that use individual-level georeferenced data (IGD). Using a new dataset collected via an online survey in Hong Kong, we first examine the influence of culture and recent sociopolitical tensions on people’s privacy concerns for and acceptance of three types of COVID-19 control measures that use IGD: contact tracing, self-quarantine monitoring, and location disclosure. We then compare Hong Kong people’s views with the views of people in the United States and South Korea using the pooled data of the three study areas. The results indicate that, when compared to people in the United States and South Korea, people in Hong Kong have a lower acceptance rate for digital contact tracing and higher acceptance rates for self-quarantine monitoring using e-wristbands and location disclosure. Further, there is geographic heterogeneity in the age and gender differences in privacy concerns, perceived social benefits, and acceptance of COVID-19 control measures: young people (age < 24) and women in Hong Kong and South Korea have greater privacy concerns than men. Further, age and gender differences in privacy concerns, perceived social benefits, and acceptance of COVID-19 control measures in Hong Kong and South Korea are larger than those in the United States, and people in Hong Kong have the largest age and gender differences in privacy concerns, perceived social benefits, and acceptance of COVID-19 measures among the three study areas.

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