A Review of the Genus Cloeon from Chinese Mainland (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)

The widely distributed and species diverse genus Cloeon Leach, 1815 has never been reviewed in China, although nine species names have been reported from this country. After checking types of two species (C. viridulum and C. apicatum) and newly collected materials from more than 50 sites, four species are recognized, compared, and photographed in this research. Among them, the species C. bicolor Kimmins, 1947 is first recorded in China, and its nymphs are described for the first time. The distribution in China of two other species (C. dipterum (Linnaeus, 1761) and C. harveyi (Kimmins, 1947)) are also confirmed. The two species established by Navás (C.apicatum Navás, 1933 = C. navasi Bruggen, 1957, C. pielinum Navás, 1933, syn. nov.) and the species C. micki named by Tong and Dudgeon in 2021 are synonymized with C. viridulum Navás, 1931—the fourth species in this study. Furthermore, the C. virens Klapálek, 1905 from the Chinese mainland, found by Ulmer in 1925, is also regarded as the last species. Among the four species, the C. dipterum and C. harveyi seem closer because of the similar female color patterns of their stigma and ventral abdomen, while the species C. viridulum and C. bicolor are more alike because they have neither pigmented stigma nor stripes on abdominal sterna.

Improved Bi-Angle Aerosol Optical Depth Retrieval Algorithm from AHI Data Based on Particle Swarm Optimization

The Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) aboard the Himawari-8, a new generation of geostationary meteorological satellite, has high-frequency observation, which allows it to effectively capture atmospheric variations. In this paper, we have proposed an Improved Bi-angle Aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval Algorithm (IBAA) from AHI data. The algorithm ignores the aerosol effect at 2.3 μm and assumes that the aerosol optical depth does not change within one hour. According to the property that the reflectivity ratio K of two observations at 2.3 μm does not change with wavelength, we constructed the equation for two observations of AHI 0.47 μm band. Then Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was used to solve the nonlinear equation. The algorithm was applied to the AHI observations over the Chinese mainland (80°–135°E, 15°–60°N) between April and June 2019 and hourly AOD at 0.47 μm was retrieved. We validated IBAA AOD against the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites observation, including surrounding regions as well as the Chinese mainland, and compared it with the AHI L3 V030 hourly AOD product. Validation with AERONET of 2079 matching points shows a correlation coefficient R = 0.82, root-mean-square error RMSE = 0.27, and more than 62% AOD retrieval results within the expected error of ±(0.05 + 0.2 × AODAERONET). Although IBAA does not perform very well in the case of coarse-particle aerosols, the comparison and validation demonstrate it can estimate AHI AOD with good accuracy and wide coverage over land on the whole.

Anthologizing Chinese Literature and Reinventing Literary Canons

In view of the importance of canon formation in the rewriting of Chinese literary history and the role of translation anthologies in constructing literary canons, this article examines the process of canonization represented in the anthologies of Renditions from 1973 to 2020. It observes the literary works that the Renditions’ anthologies attempt to build into canons and delves into the reasons behind the canon building. It concludes that the anthologies of Renditions challenge and subvert the literary canons established by the Chinese mainland, while trying to reconstruct and even popularize new canons from a Hong Kong perspective. Moreover, Renditions’ efforts to anthologize Chinese literature open up new possibilities for future canon formation and pave the way for a more comprehensive revision of Chinese literary history.

First record of the genus Enanea Lewis from the Chinese Mainland, with description of a new species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Diaperinae)

A new species of the genus Enanea (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Diaperinae), E. baba sp. n., is described and illustrated from Southwest China, based on a male specimen from Dulongjiang in northwestern Yunnan. Diagnostic characters of the new species are provided. This is the first record of an Enanea species from the Chinese Mainland, which represents a remarkable extension of the known range of the genus.

Identifying and Verifying AR, ERBB2, and VEGFA Are the Targets of Qigesan in the Treatment of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma In Silico and In Vitro

The Chinese medicine Qigesan can be used to treat esophageal adenocarcinoma in the Chinese mainland widely, but its mechanism is unclear. In order to investigate the mechanism of Qigesan in the treatment of esophageal adenocarcinoma, the concept of network pharmacology was used in this study. The database named TCMSP was used to identify the active therapeutic components as well as targets of Qigesan. The TTD, OMIM, CTD, DrugBank, and GeneCards database were used to identify genes related to esophageal adenocarcinoma. In STRING database, the potential targets were imported to obtain a PPI network, and then Cytoscape software has been used to analyse the results. Subsequently, important components and targets were simulated by molecular docking. Finally, experiments on the cell have been done to verify well docking targets. A total of 124 effective compounds and 646 corresponding targets were filtered. 1478 genes were found to be related to esophageal adenocarcinoma. 68 genes were identified as potential targets for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of the 68 potential targets indicated that the genes were mainly involved in cell transcription, translation, and apoptosis and mostly expressed in cancer-related pathways. The molecular docking analysis of the hub targets with their corresponding compounds indicated that the well docking targets were AR, ERBB2, and VEGFA. The cell experiments showed that Qigesan can reduce the expression of AR, ERBB2, and VEGFA at transcription and translation level. This network pharmacology study described that the possible targets of Qigesan in treatment of esophageal adenocarcinoma were AR, ERBB2, and VEGFA.

Statistical Correlation of Seismicity and Geodetic Strain Rate in the Chinese Mainland

The correlation between seismicity and crustal deformation is investigated by introducing the earthquake catalogs from 1900 to 2019 and the Global Positioning System (GPS) strain rate during 1999–2007 in the Chinese mainland. The primary results show that (1) about 76.9% of earthquakes with M>6.5 since 1900 and 74.7% of events with M>5.5 between 1970 and 2019, occur in 30% of the region with high-strain rate; (2) the statistics of earthquakes greater than M 5.0 since 1990 show when temporally approaching to the time period of GPS observation, more earthquakes concentrated in the region with high-strain rate. In details, in a 9 yr statistics window, the ratio of cumulative seismicity that occurred in 30% of the high-strain rate regions from 2008 to 2017 is about 16.1%–20.7% lower than those in the previous two periods. Meanwhile, in a 4 yr statistics window, the ratios of cumulative seismicity that occurred in 30% of the high-strain rate regions in the periods of 2011–2015 and 2015–2019 are lower than other five periods by about 9.6%–31.2%. These periodic statistics show that high-strain rate matches well with the historical earthquakes (M≥5.0) than the future earthquake events. In general, the 9 yr GPS observations correspond well to the historical seismicity in the Chinese mainland, but the predicted effect for the future moderate earthquakes is not as good as that of the retrospective test.

A Potential Risk Index Dataset for Landfalling Tropical Cyclones over the Chinese Mainland (PRITC dataset V1.0)

A dataset entitled “A potential risk index dataset for landfalling tropical cyclones over the Chinese mainland” (PRITC dataset V1.0) is described in this paper, as are some basic statistical analyses. Estimating the severity of the impacts of tropical cyclones (TCs) that make landfall on the Chinese mainland based on observations from 1401 meteorological stations was proposed in a previous study, including an index combining TC-induced precipitation and wind (IPWT) and further information, such as the corresponding category level (CAT_IPWT), an index of TC-induced wind (IWT), and an index of TC-induced precipitation (IPT). The current version of the dataset includes TCs that made landfall from 1949–2018; the dataset will be extended each year. Long-term trend analyses demonstrate that the severity of the TC impacts on the Chinese mainland have increased, as embodied by the annual mean IPWT values, and increases in TCinduced precipitation are the main contributor to this increase. TC Winnie (1997) and TC Bilis (2006) were the two TCs with the highest IPWT and IPT values, respectively. The PRITC V1.0 dataset was developed based on the China Meteorological Administration’s tropical cyclone database and can serve as a bridge between TC hazards and their social and economic impacts.