Identification of the First C1 Subgenotype of Enterovirus 71 in Mainland of China in a Retrospective Study

The C4 sub-genotype of Enterovirus 71(EV71) is identified as the most dominant sub-genotype circulating in Chinese mainland since 1998, while the circulation situation of EV71 before 1998 is not well established due to insufficient experimental data. The C1 sub-genotype of EV71 has not been reported in Chinese mainland by now. Based on AFP surveillance system of the mainland of China, this study performed a retrospective study of AFP cases for 1985-1999༚A strain of EV-A71 C1 sub-genotype was found. To our knowledge, this strain (SD92-41) is the first C1 sub-genotype reported in Chinese mainland. This study proves that the C1 gene subtype also appeared in Chinese mainland, but it is not clear whether it is an imported or a local epidemic strain. With sufficient information from retrospective studies, the source of the SD92-41 strain will be identified, and the prevalence of EV-A71 in Chinese mainland before 1998 will be clearer.

Trends in Research on Traditional Chinese Health Exercises for Improving Cognitive Function: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Literature From 2001 to 2020

Although previous studies have investigated the ability of traditional Chinese health exercises (TCHEs) to improve cognitive function, few have utilized bibliometric analyses to address this topic. We aimed to investigate the current status of and developmental trends in this field from 2001 to 2020. We searched the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) for all research publications on cognitive function in relation to TCHEs. CiteSpace V was used to analyze the number of papers, countries, institutions, journals, authors, and citations. We identified hotspots and trends in the field by drawing co-citation reference and co-occurrence keyword maps. From 2001 to 2020, 406 relevant articles were published in the WoSCC, with a gradual increase in the annual number of publications. The three countries/regions with the most publications were the Chinese mainland, the United States, and Canada. Six universities from China and four from the United States were identified as the top 10 institutions. Most research was conducted at universities. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine was identified as the most productive journal. Together, these findings indicate that TCHEs have received increasing attention as a method for improving cognition.

A Review of the Genus Cloeon from Chinese Mainland (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)

The widely distributed and species diverse genus Cloeon Leach, 1815 has never been reviewed in China, although nine species names have been reported from this country. After checking types of two species (C. viridulum and C. apicatum) and newly collected materials from more than 50 sites, four species are recognized, compared, and photographed in this research. Among them, the species C. bicolor Kimmins, 1947 is first recorded in China, and its nymphs are described for the first time. The distribution in China of two other species (C. dipterum (Linnaeus, 1761) and C. harveyi (Kimmins, 1947)) are also confirmed. The two species established by Navás (C.apicatum Navás, 1933 = C. navasi Bruggen, 1957, C. pielinum Navás, 1933, syn. nov.) and the species C. micki named by Tong and Dudgeon in 2021 are synonymized with C. viridulum Navás, 1931—the fourth species in this study. Furthermore, the C. virens Klapálek, 1905 from the Chinese mainland, found by Ulmer in 1925, is also regarded as the last species. Among the four species, the C. dipterum and C. harveyi seem closer because of the similar female color patterns of their stigma and ventral abdomen, while the species C. viridulum and C. bicolor are more alike because they have neither pigmented stigma nor stripes on abdominal sterna.

Comparative Analysis of Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong Insurance Products and the Prospect of Insurance Industry

As an emerging financial product, insurance is attracting more and more people. Hong Kong with developed insurance industry attracts investment from mainland residents. This paper starts with the development process and current situation of insurance products, insurance markets and relevant government policies in the mainland and Hong Kong, compares the similarities and differences of insurance products in the mainland and Hong Kong, and explores the development prospects and direction of both insurance by finding information and analyzing the audience.

The Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Industry–University Research Collaboration Efficiency in Chinese Mainland Universities

The aim of this study was to investigate the spatio-temporal characteristics of the industry–university research (IUR) collaboration efficiency of Chinese mainland colleges and universities, from 2008 to 2018. A comparative analysis method was used to analyze the data from the Statistical Yearbook of China’s Education Funds, the Compilation of Science and Technology Statistics of Colleges and Universities, and the China Statistical Yearbook. The principal components were extracted from relevant indicators of IUR capability in colleges and universities, with a principal component analysis (PCA) method. The principal component scores and comprehensive scores of 31 provinces in mainland China were calculated. The results showed that the efficiency of IUR collaboration in Chinese colleges and universities has increased rapidly within the 11 years studied. The efficiency in the eastern region has grown faster than that in the western region, and the gap between the southern region and the northern region has also continued to widen. The results also showed that the development of IUR collaboration efficiency of colleges and universities in mainland China is unbalanced. Scientific and technological funds, and scientific and technological manpower, were excessively concentrated in the southeast. Therefore, there is large room for improvement in the overall development of IUR collaboration in Chinese colleges and universities.

Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19 Resurgence in Areas Initially Under Control

Objectives: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and infection routes of new cases in order to provide information for preventing COVID-19 resurgence in areas initially under control.Methods: The information of new symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Chinese mainland was collected. The location distribution, epidemic course, infection routes and patients' characteristics of outbreaks were described and analyzed.Results: There were 43 new outbreaks with 3,795 symptomatic patients in Chinese mainland from March 21, 2020 to June 13, 2021. These outbreaks mainly occurred in central, border and coastal port cities. The main infection route of first generation indigenous patients was contact with imported cases and contaminated goods or environments. The infection routes of secondary generation patients mainly included family transmission, indoor social gathering infection, nosocomial infection and other infection routes. Family transmission was the most common infection route, and indoor social gathering was the most important reason for the large-scale outbreaks.Conclusions: Strengthen the management of imported patients and staff in high-risk posts was the key point to avoid the first generation indigenous patients. Adequate family isolation, prompt management policies for indoor public place and monitor of population at risk of infection were key strategies for preventing COVID-19 resurgence in areas initially under control.

Improved Bi-Angle Aerosol Optical Depth Retrieval Algorithm from AHI Data Based on Particle Swarm Optimization

The Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) aboard the Himawari-8, a new generation of geostationary meteorological satellite, has high-frequency observation, which allows it to effectively capture atmospheric variations. In this paper, we have proposed an Improved Bi-angle Aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval Algorithm (IBAA) from AHI data. The algorithm ignores the aerosol effect at 2.3 μm and assumes that the aerosol optical depth does not change within one hour. According to the property that the reflectivity ratio K of two observations at 2.3 μm does not change with wavelength, we constructed the equation for two observations of AHI 0.47 μm band. Then Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was used to solve the nonlinear equation. The algorithm was applied to the AHI observations over the Chinese mainland (80°–135°E, 15°–60°N) between April and June 2019 and hourly AOD at 0.47 μm was retrieved. We validated IBAA AOD against the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites observation, including surrounding regions as well as the Chinese mainland, and compared it with the AHI L3 V030 hourly AOD product. Validation with AERONET of 2079 matching points shows a correlation coefficient R = 0.82, root-mean-square error RMSE = 0.27, and more than 62% AOD retrieval results within the expected error of ±(0.05 + 0.2 × AODAERONET). Although IBAA does not perform very well in the case of coarse-particle aerosols, the comparison and validation demonstrate it can estimate AHI AOD with good accuracy and wide coverage over land on the whole.