An Alternative to Methodological Individualism: A Non-Reductionist Approach to Studying Technology Adoption by Groups

MIS Quarterly ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarker ◽  
Valacich
1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Philp

The issues surrounding alternative methodologies of explanation are of extreme importance in all areas of social science which apply any form of aggregate analysis. This paper assesses a number of alternative positions which have emerged in recent years in debates surrounding the development of a new school in progressive social thought, namely analytical Marxism. In the first part of this paper, the development and definition of analytical Marxism is traced out. In the second, the issue of reduction in the philosophy of science is considered, and it is claimed that reduction, which is often interpreted as an ontological claim, is, in reality a claim about the possibility of explanation. The third part of the paper rejects the “reductionism versus holism” oversimplification, claiming there are at least four methodologies of explanation: atomism, methodological individualism, anti-reductionism and radical holism. The latter two reject reductionism. The work of three analytical Marxists – Wright, Levine and Sober – is the reference point for this discussion. Their work is particularly pertinent since they do not advocate methodological individualism which typifies the approach of other analytical Marxists such as Roemer and Elster. In the final section, the relevance of this debate for a specific theme, class analysis, is considered, and the reductionist approach is shown to be problematic.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asrul Sani ◽  
Ninuk Wiliani

Use of information technology in general is very important for the development of the organization. Likewise, if the development of information technology can be applied to the small and medium business sector, so that it can increase the selling value of the sector. This research was conducted to answer the readiness of the SMEs sector in adopting information technology developments in business management. In this case the researcher develops the research model by adopting the technology readiness model and information technology adoption model in the context of technology and environment, combining and adjusting it according to the development of SMEs in Jakarta. This quantitative study involved 67 samples from MSME workers. Data was processed and analyzed using the PLS-SEM method using SmartPLS 2.0 software. The study also explained the results of the readiness factor which has a significant relationship to the utilization of information technology in SMEs in Jakarta


Author(s):  
А.Б. Салтыков ◽  
С.В. Грачев

Редукционистский подход в медицине рассматривает живые системы в качестве закрытых (замкнутых) образований, функции которых полностью детерминированы свойствами соответствующих материальных компонентов. Каждое нарушение функции объясняется предшествующими изменениями структур, реализующих эту функцию. Из этого следует, что любая патология структурно-функциональна по своей сути, а понятие «функциональные заболевания» - принципиально ошибочно из-за искажения причинно-следственных отношений. По мере прогресса медицины ожидается открытие собственно первичных структурных маркеров «функциональных» заболеваний, что будет иметь решающее значение для их ранней диагностики и патогенетического лечения (ориентированного прежде всего, на устранение первичного звена расстройств). Вместе с тем, в медицине существует более общий холистический (функционально ориентированный) подход, формирующий иной стереотип клинического мышления. В этих рамках любая патология объясняется недостаточностью адаптивных функций организма в изменившихся условиях существования. Обычно сложный характер функциональных взаимодействий делает невозможным их описание на основе текущих характеристик материальных компонентов системы, особенно при воздействии на организм внешних патогенных факторов. Именно внешние воздействия способны инициировать первичный дефицит адаптивных механизмов с заведомо вторичными структурными изменениями, что позволяет перестать рассматривать «функциональные болезни» как принципиально ошибочное понятие. Первичный дефицит функций наиболее нагляден при информационной патологии, идеальная природа которой не сводится к соответствующим материальным носителям. Все это ставит под сомнение возможность обнаружения собственно первичных структурных маркеров некоторых заболеваний, особенно если в их основе лежит информационная патология (невроз, нервная анорексия, психическая аменорея, морская болезнь, некоторые формы фантомных болей и др.). Reductionist approach in medicine considers living systems as closed (closed) formations whose functions are completely determined by the properties of the corresponding material components. Each disturbance of the function is explained by previous changes in the structures that realize this function. From this it follows that any pathology is structurally functional in its essence, and the concept of «functional diseases» is fundamentally erroneous because of the distortion of cause-effect relationships. As medicine progresses, the actual primary structural markers of «functional» diseases are expected to be discovered, which will be crucial for their early diagnosis and pathogenetic treatment (primarily aimed at eliminating the primary link of disorders). At the same time, in medicine there is a more general holistic (functionally oriented) approach, forming a different stereotype of clinical thinking. Within this framework, any pathology is due to the lack of adaptive functions of the organism in the changed conditions of existence. Usually the complex nature of functional interactions makes it impossible to describe them on the basis of the current characteristics of the material components of the system, especially when external pathogenic factors influence the organism. It is external actions that can initiate a primary deficit of adaptive mechanisms with known secondary structural changes, which allows us to stop treating «functional diseases» as a fundamentally wrong concept. The primary deficit of functions is most evident in information pathology, the ideal nature of which is not reduced to the corresponding material carriers. All this calls into question the possibility of detecting the primary structural markers of certain diseases, especially if they are based on information pathology (neurosis, anorexia nervosa, mental amenorrhea, seasickness, some forms of phantom pains, etc.).


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