Archbishop Ebbo of Reims (816–835): A Study in the Carolingian Empire and Church

1974 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. McKeon
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Public Official ◽  
Small Measure ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Carolingian Empire ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Church

It is almost a commonplace that the ideology and circumstances of the Carolingian empire made possible assertion by the Frankish episcopacy of an increasingly active role in the government of ninth-century Frankish Europe. Restoration of the ecclesiastical hierarchy begun in the mid-eighth century by Pepin the Short and completed under his son, the emperor Charles, resulted in the establishment of a class of able men whose common interests were closely bound up with preservation and extension of the imperial structure; in the reign of Charles' successors this group came to be involved more and more prominently in the workings of the empire, as events in the forty years following Charles' death necessitated rapid reinterpretation of that entity. In that process no member of the hierarchy played a more ubiquitous part than did Ebbo, archbishop of Reims from 816 until his deposition nineteen years later. Loyal to the principles of imperial rule while at the same time betrayer of the friendship and fealty owed his monarch, Ebbo was scholar, builder, missionary, high public official, rebel and outcast during a career inextricably bound up with the course and transmutations of the empire. In the range of his activities and influence almost a paradigm of those opportunities and tasks open to the Carolingian episcopate, his history is in no small measure that of the empire itself and of the church with which in the ninth century that empire was conceived to be coextensive, even identical. It is those two histories and their interrelations that form the subject of the present paper.

scholarly journals The Farmer's Law

1910 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Ashburner
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Legislative Activity ◽  
The Government

The origin of the little code for the government of Byzantine agriculturists, which is known in the manuscripts as the Farmer's Law (νόμος γϵωργικός), has occasioned some difference of opinion among the learned men who have dealt with it. The greatest authority on Byzantine law, Zachariä von Lingenthal, changed his mind on the subject. He began by thinking it the work of a private hand—the compiler of the Appendix Eclogae—and assigning it to the eighth or ninth century (Historiae Juris Graeco-Romami Delineatio, p. 32). It was put together, in his opinion, partly from the legislation of Justinian and partly from local custom. According to his last view (Geschichte des Griechisch-römischen Rechts, 3rd ed. pp. 249 sqq.) it is a product of the legislative activity of the emperors Leo and Constantine and was enacted about the year 740 A.D.

scholarly journals Prilozi proučavanju crkve Svetog Mateja u Splitu

Ars Adriatica ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Ivan Basić
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
The Church ◽  
East West

The church of St Matthew, which stood next to the south entrance to Split cathedral until 1881, was constructed between the peripteros and temenos of Diocletian’s mausoleum, along its east-west axis. A large number of pre-existing structures in the church of St Matthew and their degree of preservation indicate that it was erected at the beginning of the early middle ages, when the original layout of diocletian’s building had been well preserved. The church was the original setting for the sarcophagus with the epitaph of Archbishop John from the second half of the eighth century, which can be linked to the restorer of the Salonitan archbishopric in Split, John of Ravenna, who is mentioned by Thomas, the Archdeacon of Split, in his thirteenth-century chronicle, Historia Salonitana. The analysis of the sources relevant for the burial place of Archbishop John of Ravenna (the fourteenth-century chronicle of A. Cutheis and his catalogue of the archbishops of Split) showed that the data from these records are also of early medieval origin. The chronological frame in which the formula carved on the lid of the Archbishop’s sarcophagus existed, its epigraphic features and comparisons with the deceased’s epitaph, link it with the time when the longer inscription and the decoration of the sarcophagus front were carved - the end of the eighth century, and point to Archbishop John (c. 787) as the likeliest owner of the sarcophagus.  The choice of place for the sarcophagus of prior Peter, immediately next to the entrance to the church of St Matthew, in the ninth century, as well as the decoration and its relationship with the epitaph inspired by that on the sarcophagus of Archbishop john, corroborate that the prior’s sarcophagus was later than that of the Archbishop and the church in which it stood. The description of the church’s interior by D. Farlati in the eighteenth century, together with other indications, confirms that the sarcophagus and the church were made at the same  time, and that the Archbishop’s tomb was originally envisaged within the architectural setting of this church where an arcosolium contributed to its monumentality. The iconographic variant of the crossed-lily decoration and its specific symbolism originated in early christian Ravenna, which corresponds not only to the origin of the  Archbishop buried in the chapel but to the dedication to St Matthew, also of ravennate provenance, which creatively matches the iconographic programme of the sarcophagus. Thus, the sarcophagus, the church of St Matthew and John of Ravenna are connected to John,  the Archbishop of Split in the late eighth century.

scholarly journals The repudiation of representation in Plato's Republic and its repercussions

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 53-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church ◽  
Selection Of

This paper surveys a selection of texts from the fourth century B.C. to the ninth century A.D. and considers the continuing repercussions of Plato's famous attack on art for the present as well as the past. I propose to treat the subject in five sections:1. A brief consideration of the iconoclast controversy of the eighth and ninth centuries A.D., to highlight the theory behind the iconoclasts' rejection of pictorial art from the Church (and effectively from society).2. A general discussion of Plato's apparently iconoclastic argument in Republic 10, to suggest that it too, like the later iconoclasm, was rejecting certain implicit claims made about the value of representation as such.3. A closer analysis of the arguments in Republic 10 to clarify precisely what theories of art are vulnerable to them.4. A survey of some subsequent defences of art on the basis that it imitates nature, to show that Plato was right to say that a defence on those lines would not make art sufficiently important to justify the place we accord it in society (or the Church).

Apostolic Succession

1958 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-133
Author(s):  
Noel Hall
Keyword(s):  
Church Of England ◽  
Dialectical Materialism ◽  
Oxford Movement ◽  
The Awakening ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Apostolic Succession ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Church

The renewed emphasis on the doctrine of apostolic succession which was the outcome of the Oxford Movement in the Church of England is an example of the power inherent in dogmas to recover their vitality. This is no isolated phenomenon confined exclusively to the dogmas of the Christian faith; in our own times we have witnessed the far-reaching results of the revival of the Marxian dogma of dialectical materialism in the sphere of international politics. That bishops are the successors of the Apostles was a belief held without question by the majority of Anglican Churchmen at the dawn of the nineteenth century, but it cannot be contended that they were fully alive to its implications. The awakening came through the publication of the Tracts for the Times. The challenge was sounded with unambiguous clarity in the very first of them to issue from the press. ‘Now then, ’ wrote John Henry Newman, ‘let me come at once to the subject which leads me to address you. Should the Government and the country so far forget their God as to cast off the Church, to deprive it of its temporal honours and substance, on what will you rest the claim of respect and attention which you make upon your flocks? Hitherto you have been upheld by your birth, your education, your wealth, your connexions; should these secular advantages cease, on what must Christ's ministers depend?… I fear we have neglected the real ground on which our authority is built: our Apostolic Descent.

Christian Caucasia between Byzantium and Iran: New Light from Old Sources

Traditio ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 109-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Toumanoff
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church

1. The story of how one of the two great Caucasian nations, the Armenians, came to form a national Church, while the other, the Georgians, remained for several centuries longer within the unity of the Church Universal, is still to be written. Practically all that has been said on the subject stands in need of revision. This is due to several factors in connection with Caucasian sources. In the first place, these sources were for a long time unsatisfactorily evaluated. It is within but the last half-century or so that the correct floruit of some of the important Armenian historians was established — for instance that of Moses of Khoren: sometime between the seventh and the ninth century and not, as was formerly held, in the fifth — and that many other, especially Georgian, historical works came to be critically studied and dated. Secondly, many of the invaluable sources — such as the Book of Letters or the Queen Anne Codex of the Georgian Royal Annals — were only quite recently published and have not been made use of, even to this day, by some scholars dealing with Caucasian history. Finally, some Armenian historians that have always been known and held in esteem have not always been recognized as afflicted with what was once called la maladie de Froude and, consequently, prone, in serving the cause of national religion, to overlook some facts of history and to alter others.

scholarly journals Prilog Trogirskoj klesarskoj radionici

Ars Adriatica ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Ivan Josipović
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
Similar Concept ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Short Time ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

The author attributes the chancel screen gable from the Trogir Town Museum, discovered in the pavement of the vestibule of the destroyed pre-Romanesque hexaconchal church of St Mary at Trogir to the Trogir stonecarvers’ workshop. The arguments for such an attribution are found in the visual and stylistic analysis of the gable and  in the analogies with other similar fragments of pre-Romanesque reliefs which have already been attributed to the same workshop. This demonstrates a similar concept in the layout on the gables from Trogir and Bijaći, while more obvious stylistic parallels for the Trogir gable are found on the chancel screen arches and architraves from  Pađene, Brnaze, Malo polje of Trogir and Otres, but also those from Krković and Ostrovica. In addition, two fragmented reliefs which have been inserted as spolia in east wall of the parish church of St George at Pađene near Knin are also attributed to the same workshop. These fragments have been measured and photographed in more detail for the first time for this paper. The analysis of their decoration has resulted in the conclusion that these fragments belonged to a widely distributed type of chancel screen pilasters, with a somewhat more complex decoration consisting of a dense interlaced mesh of three-strand bands.  Finally, the gable from the Trogir Town Museum, and other stylistically similar relief from Trogir, have been brought into a stronger connection with the church of St Mary, and its original liturgical furnishings in particular. Following from such a conclusion, as well as the fact that the same workshop produced liturgical installations in another hexaconchal church at Brnaze near Sinj, the author dates both structures to the period when the workshop was active (the first quarter of the ninth century), and places the construction of almost all Dalmatian hexaconchs in a relatively short time frame from the end of the eighth century to mid-ninth century.

IX. The Carved Stones at Breedon on the Hill, Leicestershire, and their position in the history of English Art

Archaeologia ◽  
1928 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 219-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.W. Clapham
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Hill ◽  
The Church

The series of carved and sculptured stones built into the walls of the church of Breedon on the Hill, Leicestershire, has long attracted attention, not only by reason of the unusual excellence and delicacy of the carving but also from the remarkable forms that the carving itself assumes. The fact that, in spite of some timid opposition in the past, the theory that these carvings are the work of late twelfth-century craftsmen has hitherto held the field, is sufficient excuse for my bringing the subject before the Society, believing as I do that an entirely wrong date has been assigned. The alternative date—the latter part of the eighth century—which I shall put forward, will, if established, at once place the series in a foremost position in the history of English art, and supply an entirely new chapter in its development.

The Discovery of an Anglo-Saxon Painted Figure at St Mary's Church, Deerhurst, Gloucestershire

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 66-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Bagshaw ◽  
Richard Bryant ◽  
Michael Hare
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Structural Context ◽  
The Subject ◽  
East End ◽  
Significant Addition ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Church

The church of St Mary at Deerhurst in Gloucestershire is well known for its Anglo-Saxon fabric and sculpture. In 1993 a painting of an Anglo-Saxon figure was discovered, and in 2002 it became possible for the authors to study the painting in detail.The painting is on one of a pair of triangular-headed stone panels set high in the internal east wall of the church. The discovery provides a significant addition to the tiny corpus of known Anglo-Saxon wall paintings. The identity of the standing, nimbed figure remains elusive, but the figure can be tentatively dated on art historical grounds to the middle to late tenth century.The authors also explore the structural context of the painting. It is suggested that in the first half of the ninth century the church had an upper floor over the central space (the present east end), and that this floor possibly extended over the whole church. At the east end, there were internal openings from this upper floor into a high-level space in the polygonal apse. At a later date two of these openings were blocked and covered by stone panels, one of which is the subject of this paper. It is possible that the panels flanked a high-level altar or an opening through which a shrine, set on a high-level floor in the apse, could be viewed.

scholarly journals Matrimony in Venice during Late Renaissance Era in light of judicial institutions

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
Nina Makarova
Keyword(s):  
Social Role ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Special Contribution ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Comparative Historical Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Late Renaissance ◽  
The Church

The subject of this research is the several government institutions of Venice during the Late Renaissance Era that dealt with questions of matrimonial relations. Marriage played not only a crucial social role, but was also considered a church, which contributed to salvation of the faithful. Therefore, the questions of the validity of marriage or claims for separation of the spouses were considered by the Church court alone. The government institutions dealt with for offences against marriage, observed the execution of laws regarding the property of spouses, resolved custody issues of the minors, and prevented inappropriate behavior between the spouses. Special attention is given to the judicial institutions of Venice in from the perspective of their activity on matrimony. The article employs descriptive method, complemented by comparative historical analysis of the political and religious institutions of that time. The author's special contribution consists in the analysis of cases, such as the abduction of women or a breach of promise, which were interpreted differently by the religious and secular courts. As a result, in the late XVI – early XVII century, the secular administration gained prevalence in these questions.

scholarly journals Idea pentarchii jako rękojmia jedności Kościoła w dobie ikonoklazmu. Stanowisko Teodora Studyty

Vox Patrum ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 201-220
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Kashchuk
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Privileged Position ◽  
Ecumenical Council ◽  
Secular Power ◽  
The Church

From the first half of the eighth century until the mid-ninth century the Church of Constantinople struggled with heretical iconoclast movement. Dur­ing the period of iconoclasm, St. Theodore of Studium (759-826) stood at the side of the defenders of the cult of images. He was a great thinker and abbot of the Studium monastery near Constantinople. One of the main themes he discussed was an independant status of Church from secular power, which frequently intervened in issues relating to faith and morals. St. Theodore of Studium wanted to prove that the Church dogmas and rules derive not from emperors, but bishops. In this context, his idea resembles the concept of pentarchy. According to St. Theodore, the guarantee of orthodoxy, which is the basis for the unity of the universal Church, is rooted in ecclesial body of pentarchy. Decisions about divine and celestial dogmas are entrusted to five patriarchs, who should be characterized by unanimity to reach a joint deci­sion at the universal council. All of them together have the highest position in the Church and their consent is necessary for recognition of the ecumenical council. Among the five patriarchs the privileged position has the patriarch of Rome, without whom no ecumenical council can be called. The Roman Church is the reference point and stands at the center of the unity of Church. St. Theodore of Studium considered the primacy of the bishop of Rome not in isolation from other patriarchates but in orbit of the entire Church.

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