The Methodology of Comparative Jurisprudence in Tibyān al-Qur’ān (In the light of Injunctions for Mehar)

The exegetical literature which has been written since the era of its compilation exhibits various methodologies and approaches. An important methodology is the interpretation of juristic injunctions. The exegetes especially considered their juristic and rationalistic school of thoughts and preferred their opinions by logical reasoning in interpreting the verses of injunctions. Some commentators expanded the vision of such exegeses by quoting the opinions of scholars, not only belonging to their own sect, but also citing the opinions of scholars of other sects. They endeavored to present relatively detailed comparative study of different school of thoughts which is called Comparative Jurisprudence (Fiqh al-Muqāran). The most prominent example of this methodology in Urdu exegetical literature is Ghulām Rasūl Sa‘īdī’s Qur’ānic Commentary “Tibyān al-Qur’ān”. This exegesis is basically a representative of Fiqh al-Ḥanfī. One of the juristic issues discussed in this commentary is the issue of Mehar (Groom’s gift to bride). He cited the dissenting opinions of various jurists about what is Mehar; what should be the amount of Mehar; which commodities can be used as Mehar; in which conditions the amount of Mahar can be changed etc. He tried to prefer a certain opinion out of many. Tibyān al-Qur’ān is a significant addition to Urdu exegetical literature. This article would analyze the injunctions of Mehar in the light of the most prominent attribute of this exegesis which is Comparative Fiqh.

The influence of Internet banking services quality on e-customers’ satisfaction of Saudi banks: comparison study before and during COVID-19

PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to compare e-customer satisfaction in Saudi banks before and during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by assessing the e-service quality dimension before and during the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachTo examine e-customer satisfaction among Saudi bank e-customers, data were collected using convenience sampling methods utilizing two questionnaires before and during COVID-19, distributed to Saudi bank e-customers. The sample size of collecting data of 588 bank e-customers was analyzed through a well-known statistical technique, multiple regression and paired sample t-test, using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) software and Excel.FindingsIt is found that efficiency is the major determinant of e-customers’ satisfaction with banks in Saudi Arabia. The Saudi context is different from other countries. There are differences between the impact of Internet banking e-service quality on e-customer service before and during the COVID-19.Practical implicationsThis research has a crucial inference for the managerial level practically. This study has important implications for the banks to satisfy their e-customers by increasing customer service level and enhancing the interaction in the site to solve the e-customers problem immediately by creating an effective support team to encourage the effect of responsiveness. In particular, website managers should review their website framework and create an easily organized site for e-customers.Originality/valueThe research improves past studies' methodology by testing the impacts between the constructs before and during COVID-19. This research is a significant addition to the current literature collection.

Pelican Lake: Learning From the Largest Polymer Flood Expansion in a Heavy Oil Field

Polymer has been injected continuously since 2005-06 in the Pelican Lake field in Canada, starting with a pilot rapidly followed by an expansion. At some point, 900 horizontal wells were injecting 300,000 bbl/d of polymer solution and oil production related to polymer injection reached 65,000 bopd. As a result, the Pelican Lake polymer flood is the largest polymer flood in heavy oil in the world and the largest polymer flood using horizontal wells. Although some papers have already been devoted to the initial polymer flood pilots, very little has been published on the expansion of the polymer flood and this is what this paper will focus on. The paper will describe the various phases of the polymer flood expansion and their respective performances as well as discuss the specific challenges in the field including strong variations in oil viscosity (from 800 to over 10,000 cp), how irregular legacy well patterns were dealt with, and how primary, secondary and tertiary polymer injection compare. It will also show the performances of polymer injection in combination with multi-lateral wells and touch upon the surface issues including the facilities. The availability of field and production data (which are public in Canada) combined with the variability in the field properties provide us with a wealth of data to better understand the performances of polymer flooding in heavy oil. This case study will benefit engineers and companies that are interested in polymer flood, in particular in heavy oil. The paper will be a significant addition to the literature where few large scale chemical EOR expansions are described.

Tuschenanalyse im P 11702

Near-infrared reflectography and imaging X-ray fluorescence analysis reveal that carbon inks of two different compositions were used in the papyrus manuscript Berlin P 11702. In contrast with the writing ink, one of the carbon drawing inks contained a significant addition of iron. This result emphasizes the need for routine instrumental ink analysis.

Can the “VUCA Meter” Augment the Traditional Project Risk Identification Process? A Case Study

In this rapidly changing and fast-growing world, sustainability is an important paradigm. However, the constantly growing level of uncertainty leads to increased strain in decision making. This results in a growing need for a more effective and extensive approach for identifying project risk in particular events that are not easily detected but can have a severe impact, sometimes referred to as Black Swans or “fat tail” events. The VUCA meter is a normative approach to identify project risk by assessing in a structured way events that may be volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous and might contribute to the project risk. In this study, the VUCA meter is benchmarked against a traditional risk identification process as recommended by PMI®. Firstly, two workshops, each referring to the respective risk identification method, were conducted. Secondly, a Delphi survey was run to investigate if the VUCA meter would capture Black Swan risk events that are bypassed by the traditional risk identification approach. The results clearly indicate that the VUCA meter can be developed to be a significant addition to the conventional risk identification process for large projects that are at an early stage. The VUCA meter facilitates a discussion that gets people to think beyond the traditional framework for identifying project risk factors. As a consequence, “fat tail” events, that are not apprehended with the conventional technique, are captured by the VUCA meter.

The Conclusion of the Guide of the Perplexed in View of the Conclusion of The Nicomachean Ethics

One of the well-known conundrums of the Guide of the Perplexed, found in its last chapter, pertains to Maimonides's contradictory presentation of the hierarchy of human virtues and perfections. This article draws attention to a parallel between the paradox posed by the closing paragraphs of the Guide and the contradiction found in the concluding paragraphs of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, a parallel that has never been noted by students of Maimonides. The intention here is not to make a categorical statement about Maimonides's position on the core issues of the relationship between the intellect and the moral virtues. Rather, it is to shed new light on the unexpected structure of the last chapter, and thus also provide a significant addition to the important debate about Maimonides's position on these issues.

Palaepaphos-Teratsoudhia Tomb 288 (c. 1650 BC–c. 1200 BC)

This paper presents a new tomb complex of the Late Bronze Age at Palaepaphos-Teratsoudhia in south-west Cyprus. Although looted, Tomb 288 yielded a representative repertoire of funerary gifts, including seals and scarabs, ranging chronologically from the very beginning of the Late Bronze Age to Late Cypriote IIC, roughly from 1650 to 1200 BC. Tomb 288 has characteristics which are typical of Late Bronze Age tomb architecture in Cyprus and well known in the Paphos region, as well as aspects which have not previously been observed in any necropolis of the period, such as the large central “pillars” which support the roof in Chambers A and B. The tomb’s finds comprise representative examples of the ceramic production of Palaepaphos for a period of some 400 years and illustrate the wealth of this region during the whole of the Late Bronze Age. The tomb is a significant addition, in particular, to our knowledge of the earliest phase of the city’s existence, a period which is not adequately known since the focus of recent research has primarily been on the latest phase of the Late Bronze Age and the early part of the Iron Age.

Anti-Leishmanial Effect of Oral Zinc Sulfate in Acute Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Mini-review

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic parasitic infection caused by various Leishmania species, with a specific predisposition of each species into a particular geographical area. Cutaneous lesions can either be a single, limited skin lesion or multiple, large, locally destructions skin lesions. Several therapies are proposed for CL, but severe side effects, high costs, and incomplete efficacy make researchers find replaceable therapies. Since the usage of zinc sulfate as a therapeutic agent has a long history in treating of various dermatological diseases, Zinc plays an essential role in the development and function of innate immunity cells (neutrophils and natural killer cells), which play significant roles in killing parasites. It also has a significant inhibitory effect on key enzymes involved in the carbohydrate metabolism and virulence of L. major and L.tropica. Therefore, its use as an oral therapy for CL might represent a significant addition to the armamentarium of anti-leishmanial medications. This review summarizes and discusses previous and recent findings regarding the therapeutic roles of oral zinc sulfate in cutaneous leishmaniasis therapy.

Buddhism in Australia

Buddhism comprised 2.4 percent of the Australian population at the most recent census in 2016. While reflection on Buddhism’s growth in Australia is recorded as early as 1961, the first major body of work in the field was documentation of the early history in Buddhism in Australia, 1848–1988 (Croucher 1989 [cited under History]). The study of Buddhism in Australia has grown since the 1990s, with a small number of books and academic theses now available. An edited volume, Buddhism in Australia: Traditions in Change (Rocha and Barker 2011) [cited under Overviews]) provides a significant addition in showcasing a broad range of work from researchers and leading teachers. “Bibliography: Buddhism in Australia” (Fitzpatrick, et al. 2012 [cited under History]) provides a bibliography of all the works in the field that records more than ninety academic publications and forty other resources. A total of forty of these were completed between 2003 and 2012, and it would be reasonable to assume that approximately forty more have been added from 2012 to 2021, suggesting that there are now more than 175 studies relevant to this field. This review of key works in the field focuses on five areas: Overviews, History, Major Schools, Buddhist Identity, and Expressions of Buddhism. The history section ranges from historical overviews to community profiles, culminating in the exploration in “The Buddhist Council of Victoria and the Challenges of Recognizing Buddhism as a Religion in Australia” (Cousens 2011 [cited under History]) on the efforts to encourage government recognition of Buddhism as a designated religion in Australia. As for many countries in Europe and North America, a wide range of Buddhist schools took root through various means, and examination of these has increased to enable the section on major schools to encompass at least one work on most major traditions, often by researchers who are also practitioners. Consideration of the diversity of Buddhist traditions represented in Australia leads into the section Buddhist Identity, which includes studies on both immigrant identity and conversion in relation to Buddhist practice. The final section contains references dealing with how aspects of Buddhist teachings have been expressed in practice, including feminism, engaged Buddhism, and incorporation into Australian education systems. “Women and Ultramodern Buddhism in Australia” (Halafoff, et al. 2018 [cited under Expressions of Buddhism]) provides a valuable update and new perspective on the role of women in Australian Buddhist history, and The Buddha Is in the Street: Engaged Buddhism in Australia (Sherwood 2003 [cited under Expressions of Buddhism]) illustrates expressions of engaged Buddhism in the Australian context.

The Early Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the southern Great Xing'an Range, NE China: New constraints from A2-type granite and monzodiorite

The widespread Early Cretaceous plutons intruding along the southern Great Xing’an Range (SGXR) provide evidence for tectonic evolution of the region. Petrological, geochemical, zircon U–Pb geochronology and zircon Hf isotopic studies are conducted on intrusions from Bianjiadayuan and Hongling areas. These suites classify as A2-type granites and monzodiorites, respectively. The 138–133 Ma A2-type granites originated from partial melting of continental crustal materials at high temperatures and shallow depths with significant addition of juvenile mafic lower crust sourced from a metasomatized mantle. The 136–134 Ma monzodiorites originated from the partial melting of an enriched mantle that was modified by melts of a previously subducted slab coupled with crustal contamination. The Early Cretaceous magmatism in the SGXR occurred in two periods: ∼145–136 Ma (peak at ∼139 Ma; εHf (t) = 5 to 10) and ∼136–130 Ma (peak at ∼131 Ma; εHf (t) = −10 to 15). The Early Cretaceous granite–monzodiorite suite in the SGXR suggests a bimodal magmatism in an extensional setting. The ∼145–130 Ma magmatism may have been triggered by asthenospheric upwelling induced by the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic slab breakoff and large-scale lithospheric delamination resulting from post-orogenic extension. The variation of subduction direction of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean likely triggered a change in stress regime at ca. 136 Ma and likely promoted the lithospheric delamination beneath the SGXR resulting in intense magmatism originating from various sources. As such, the Paleo-Pacific Oceanic subduction likely played an important role in the Early Cretaceous magmatism in the SGXR.