Counting the Cost of Faith. America's Early Female Missionaries

1988 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann White
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Christian Tradition ◽  
Class Status ◽  
Foreign Mission ◽  
Woman's Sphere ◽  
Theological Challenge ◽  
The Cost

America's first unmarried female missionaries, women who went out to Asia and Africa in the early to middle nineteenth century, chose lives as intense and demanding as any man's. They chose the foreign mission vocation despite the belief, strong in their era, that women should accept the constraints and comforts of their “proper sphere,” the home. To make their decision, these women struggled with two sets of ideas which coexisted in tension: equality of all persons before God, and the ideology of “woman's sphere.” As persons of faith they could respond to God's commands in the same way as men without theological challenge, because equality of all persons before God was a major strand in their Christian tradition. As nineteenth-century women, however, they were asked to accept lowered status and protective restrictions, in keeping with woman's sphere ideology. These women chose to become missionaries, compromising on second-class status and protective restrictions. In their view, the missionary vocation was worth the cost of compromise.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Business History ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
New Firms ◽  
Green Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Cost

This chapter lays out the principal aims of the book and its contribution. It shows that business drove unprecedented wealth creation over the last two hundred years but the cost was unprecedented environmental pollution resulting in new geological era known as the Anthropocene Age. Already in the nineteenth century there was resistance which mostly took the form of elite conservation movements. Overlooked has been the advent of green entrepreneurs who sought to create new firms to facilitate sustainability. Today there is much discussion about green entrepreneurship, but these figures predate today’s green entrepreneurs by a century. The book breaks new ground in business history by looking at these many small and marginal entrepreneurial figures, who were often highly unconventional. The book will explore what has motivated green entrepreneurs in each generation, how they build businesses, and whether they achieved their goals.

LE LETTERE DI GIUSEPPE PEANO NELLA CORRISPONDENZA DI ERNESTO CESÀRO

Nuncius ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-281
Author(s):  
FRANCO PALLADINO
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Infinitesimal Calculus ◽  
Italian School ◽  
Actuarial Mathematics ◽  
Important Member ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Giuseppe Peano

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>We have gathered here twenty-six writings from the correspondence of Giuseppe Peano, as well as letters by Alexander Macfarlane and Alexander Ziwet.Peano's letters were addressed to Ernesto Cesaro, an important member of the great Italian school of mathematics founded in the second half of the Nineteenth century. In these writings, Peano discusses various topics: Infinitesimal calculus and Barycentric calculus, the «Rivista di Matematica» and the «Formulario» of which he was editor; didactics and a question about Actuarial mathematics. Some of the writings are confidential in nature: in one letter, Peano proposes exchanging his professorial chair with Cesaro's, and hence transferring from Turin to Naples.The letters written by Macfarlane and Ziwet were sent to Peano; they contain, at the request of Cesaro, information concerning university chairs and the cost of living in the United States.

History of Marriage Contracts in Egypt

Hawwa ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amira El-Azhary Sonbol
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Women's Agency ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Marriage Contracts ◽  
Personal Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Women’S Agency ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Husband And Wife ◽  
History Of Marriage

AbstractWhile religious guidance may be central in choosing a spouse or expectations from marriage, until the nineteenth century, it was the contractual nature of marriage that defined the actual union entered into by husband and wife and according to which they lived together. Most importantly, marriage contracts could and often did include specific conditions agreed upon by the parties to the contract. The modern period will witness a shift toward privileging the religious side of marriage at the cost of the contractual and women's agency would experience a serious shift due to modern personal status laws.

scholarly journals The Maps That Killed Alexander Posey

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-94
Author(s):  
Matt Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Survival ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Data Visualizations

Nineteenth-century struggles over mapping concepts and techniques yielded the forebears of digital humanistic data visualizations today, staging the political tensions of the deep map’s entry into the humanities. The careers of educational reformer Emma Hart Willard and Creek poet and critic Alexander Posey, who were both map-makers in their ways, exemplify the entanglements of the history of deep mapping. Willard was a feminist innovator in her work with historical visualization, but at the cost of solidifying a regime of indigenous vanishment. Posey fought for his people’s cultural survival, but he did so from within a bureaucratic engine made possible in part by Willard’s widespread pedagogy linking the American map with a vision of settler dominance. These two figures left us provocative maps, but also offer a way to reflect on the justness of map-making — on the difficulty of deepening the map wisely, or even ethically.   

Renée Vivien: French Poet?

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-65
Author(s):  
Melanie C. Hawthorne
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Lesbian Identity ◽  
American Writer ◽  
Class Privilege ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

This chapter uses the example of the Anglo-American writer Renée Vivien (Pauline Tarn, 1877-1909) to explore what it might mean to claim a lesbian identity at the turn of the nineteenth century. The child of an English father and an American mother who chose France as her primary residence, Vivien embodied a transnational existence. But for those with her class privilege, national boundaries were often flexible, as illustrated by the fact that, while she travelled extensively, Vivien may never have possessed a passport. On the one hand, such an evasion of national belonging may have been liberating, but perhaps at the cost of a sense of shared (sexual communtity) community.

“More Than a Parchment Three-Pence”: Crises of Value in Hawthorne's “My Kinsman, Major Molineux”

PMLA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Loman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
The Cost

In “My Kinsman, Major Molineux,” Robin enters Boston after negotiating the cost of a ferry ride across the Charles River, a negotiation complicated by the precipitous depreciation of the provincial bill he carries. His night in Boston therefore unfolds under the volatile sign of paper money. The story is one of several Hawthorne works to join the paper-gold debate of the nineteenth century, and it historicizes that debate with persistent allusions to related eighteenth-century currency disputes. The story's famous ambivalence springs in part from Hawthorne's cognizance of a historical irony: in the nineteenth century, Jacksonian Democrats attacked paper money as the instrument of a neoaristocratic moneyed power; in the eighteenth century, royalists stigmatized it as the instrument of the “Popular or Democratick Part of the Constitution.” The story is informed by the discomfiting fact that the eighteenth-century Tory and the nineteenth-century Democrat equally privileged gold over paper.

The Technical Transformation of the Late Nineteenth-Century Gas Industry

1987 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 967-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Technological Transformation ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Coal Gas ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Firm Model ◽  
The Cost

This article analyzes, with particular reference to Britain, the technological transformation in coal gas manufacture around 1900. The timing of the innovation seems to be explained by the nature of the technology itself, by Rosenberg's “technical complementarity.” The rate of diffusion is analyzed by means of an inter-firm model which points to the importance of technical interrelatedness and the need to scrap old plant and of wage costs, which encouraged some firms to hasten scrapping. Different countries chose between the range of new technologies available largely on the basis of compatibility with existing plant and the cost of raw materials.

Mafia and peasant rebellion as contrasting factors in Sicilian latifundism

1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Blok
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Capitalist Enterprise ◽  
A Share

The origins of the modern Sicilian latifundium go back to the early nineteenth century when feudal land was transformed by law into private property. In what is called the Risorgtmento, a rising rural bourgeoisie gradually replaced the traditional feudal elite by acquiring most of the land that came on the market. Although the peasants had become legally free, they obtained their freedom at the cost of title to the land they held under feudal conditions. The common use rights of gleaning and pasturage, which the peasants exercised on the former fiefs, guaranteed them the fundamental means of living. But arbitrarily excluded by the avid bourgeoisie from a share in the land that should be given out to them as a recompense for the lost use rights, the Sicilian peasants emerged from social servitude only to fall into economic and political dependency. A growing rural proletariat was the necessary concomitant of the partly feudal and partly capitalist enterprise that was the latifundium.

The Cost of Establishment: Some Reflections on Church Building in Manchester

1966 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 277-289
Author(s):  
W. R. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Precise Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Church Life ◽  
Church Building ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Church ◽  
Real Danger

The problem of the balance between the Establishment and Dissent in the nineteenth century has not attracted much attention among historians, crucial as it was to much of church life and politics too. The mushroom growth of Dissent between 1790 and 1850 was plainly related to the social cataclysms of that period, though the precise nature of the relation is still far from clear; and by the time of the census of 1851 Dissent had attained a rough numerical parity with the Establishment. After 1850 the Church establishment was never (in spite of some gloomy prognostications) in real danger. Indeed, in two important respects the situation changed in her favour.

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