The Organization of Large Scale Agricultural Labor in Barbados and Minas Gerais, Brazil: A Comparison of Two Responses to Emancipation

Abstract The Espinhaco range east of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil, is not a folded massif, but a monoclinal structure whose formation was caused by large-scale tilting, accompanied by differential dislocation of the Precambrian components of the terrain and local overthrusting due to compression and by later tension fracturing. The orogenic activity is considered to have taken place subsequent to deposition of Tertiary (Miocene?) sediments in two small lacustrine basins in the region, which exhibit the same style of dislocation as the older strata of the range.

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Enabling large-scale forest restoration in Minas Gerais state, Brazil

Environmental Research Letters ◽

10.1088/1748-9326/aa6658 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 044022 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Felipe S M Nunes ◽

Britaldo S Soares-Filho ◽

Raoni Rajão ◽

Frank Merry

Keyword(s):

Forest Restoration ◽

Large Scale ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Minas Gerais State

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Subjects of Agricultural Production in the Socio-Structural Processes of the Russian Village

Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika ◽

10.19181/snsp.2020.8.4.7665 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 199-212

Author(s):

Maria Mukhanova

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Large Scale ◽

Agricultural Labor ◽

Individual Interviews ◽

Labor Practices ◽

Agriculture Industry ◽

Working Age ◽

The Moment ◽

Structural Mobility

The article deals with the subjects of agricultural production, agricultural organizations, agricultural Holdings, peasant farms, personal part-time farms and their participation in the sociostructural processes of the Russian village. Dynamics of changes in the agricultural labor market, based on data from several large-scale studies of Rosstat (2011–2018), covering all regions of Russia. Results of individual interviews of the rural population and surveys of their households, as well as the Results of the 2016 agricultural census. they show the specificity of the moment of the rural world, when institutional transformations caused by agrarian reforms and modernization of agriculture radically changed social, labor practices and everyday life of the villagers. For a quarter of a century, the socioeconomic situation and status of the majority of villagers has changed qualitatively. The decrease in the level of rural employment in agriculture and growth in non-agricultural sectors of the agriculture industry led to structural mobility (move), which had transformed the social structure of the village and the formation of the informal sector, with its own internal structure, constituting one-third of all employees. These processes have led to an increase in migration of the working-age population, which has led to a decrease in the quality of human capital and the prospects for its reproduction in rural areas.

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华北农民非正规就业的微观形态: 基于河北定县两个村庄的考察

Rural China ◽

10.1163/22136746-01401006 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 101-127

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Informal Employment ◽

Agricultural Labor ◽

Formal Sector ◽

Self Employment ◽

Cash Crops ◽

Potential Scale ◽

Part Time ◽

The Village ◽

Rural Production

Research on informal employment in China has mainly adopted an urban perspective, ignoring its rural social and economic dimensions. This article, adopting a rural perspective, not only takes into considerations a greater number of informal forms of employment, such as part-time businesses and self-employment, but also explores the mechanisms that differentiate the various types of informal employment by comparing the level of development of township and village enterprises and changes in the mode of agricultural management. The article discusses the forms and evolution of informal employment in two villages in Dingxian (Ting Hsien) 定县, a county that has been studied in depth since the 1920s. Our study finds that the distance between township enterprises and the village is an important factor influencing peasants’ informal employment since it largely determines the choice of peasants to “leave both the land and the village” or to “leave the land but not the village,” which in turn further affects the level of peasants’ incomes. Compared with employees in the formal sector, these informal employees are obviously in a weak position in terms of wage levels, working conditions, welfare, security, and so on. As for the internal environment, changes of the mode of rural production also affect the forms of informal employment. The large-scale operation of the land will liberate the agricultural labor force, so as to expand the potential scale of farmers’ employment, and the shift from growing food crops to growing cash crops will lead to more diversified forms of farmers’ concurrent businesses. Finally, the article tries to establish a framework composed of the internal and external environment of the village to explain the mechanism of peasants’ informal employment. 国内关于非正规就业的研究，大多是以城市为观察视角，忽视了非正规就业人员身后的农村社会经济状况。把农村作为研究的起点，不仅可以纳入更多的非正规就业形式，如农民兼业和个体经营等,更为重要的是，它还能够通过对比“传统部门”内不同程度的乡镇企业发展与农业经营方式变化，从而发现非正规就业的差异化形成机制。作为上世纪20年代就已备受学界关注的农村社会，河北定县有着深厚的学术研究传统。本研究选取了当地两个具有不同特征的村庄，发现附近是否存在乡镇企业很大程度上决定了农民打工的距离远近，即离乡还是不离乡，这也进一步影响农民收入水平的高低。无论是以建筑业为主的离乡务工，还是以作坊式乡镇企业为主的在乡务工，其员工的工资水平、工作条件和福利保障等方面均处于不利位置。与此同时，农村内部经营方式变化也会影响、甚至促成新的非正规就业。土地规模经营更大程度上解放了农业劳动力，客观上扩大了农民外出的潜在规模；从种植粮食作物到经济作物的转变，使得农民兼业形式变得更加多样化。最后，我们尝试建立一个由村庄内外部环境共同作用形成的经验框架来解释农村非正规就业的变化机制。 (This article is in English.)

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Epidemiological profile of meningococcal disease in the State of Minas Gerais and in the Central, North, and Triângulo Mineiro regions, Brazil, during 2000-2009

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical ◽

10.1590/s0037-86822012000300011 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 334-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Karynne Alves do Nascimento ◽

Sybelle de Souza Castro Miranzi ◽

Lúcia Marina Scatena

Keyword(s):

Meningococcal Disease ◽

Large Scale ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Population Based ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

The State ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Age Group ◽

And Gender ◽

Epidemiological Profile

INTRODUCTION: Infection by Neisseria meningitidis, termed as meningococcal disease, can cause meningococcal meningitis and septicemia with or without meningitis. Meningococcal disease is endemic in Brazil and has a high potential to cause large-scale epidemics; therefore, it requires the immediate notification of cases to the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) in Brazil. The aim of this study was to describe an epidemiological profile using data from notified and confirmed cases in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from January 2000 to December 2009, obtained from the investigation records of individuals with meningitis registered with SINAN. METHODS: This was a retrospective, population-based study. Descriptive analysis of the data was made using the simple and relative frequencies of the categorical variables in the investigation records. RESULTS: There were 1,688 confirmed patients in Minas Gerais of which 45.5% lived in the Central, North, and Triângulo Mineiro regions. The highest frequencies of cases were in the 1-4-years age group (26.3%), males (54.7%), caucasian (36.4%), and lived in an urban area (80%). In the patients with specified education, 650 (60.9%) patients had secondary education. Serogrouping of meningococci had been performed in 500 (29.6%) patients by age and gender; 285 (57%) belonged to serogroup C, 67 (13.4%) were in the 1-to 4-years age group, and 168 (33.6%) were male. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological profiles of patients in the Central, North, and Triângulo Mineiro regions were not significantly different from the profile of patients in Minas Gerais.

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The Influence Paths of Agricultural Mechanization on Green Agricultural Development

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132312984 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 12984

Author(s):

Yuanying Chi ◽

Wenbing Zhou ◽

Zhenyu Wang ◽

Yu Hu ◽

Xiao Han

Keyword(s):

Labor Force ◽

Capital Investment ◽

Large Scale ◽

Agricultural Development ◽

Generalized Method Of Moments ◽

Mediation Model ◽

Agricultural Labor ◽

Agricultural Machinery ◽

Agricultural Mechanization ◽

Input Efficiency

For sustainable agricultural development, increasing efforts are put on promoting agricultural mechanization and green agricultural development all over the world. Based on the panel data of Chinese provincial agriculture from 2002 to 2018, the System Generalized Method of Moments model and mediation model are constructed to explore the paths of agricultural mechanization affecting green agricultural development. The results show that agricultural mechanization can not only promote the green agricultural development directly but also indirectly by transferring the agricultural labor force and increasing fertilizer input. However, because of the surge of pesticide demand, agricultural mechanization also leads to serious pollution indirectly. With the development of large-scale agricultural machinery, the direct promotion of agricultural machinery on green agricultural development will be more significant. However, it will be less efficient to substitute more agricultural labor force with machinery power. The problem of pesticide abuse will also become more serious. Therefore, it is important for green agricultural development to encourage human capital investment in agricultural mechanization. In addition, more attention should be paid to improving the input efficiency of fertilizers and pesticides so that agriculture will be sustainable in production and the ecological environment.

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Ecohydromorphology of river environments of the das Velhas River upstream of Rio de Pedras hydroelectric reservoir, MG, Brazil

Revista Eletrônica de Gestão e Tecnologias Ambientais ◽

10.9771/gesta.v4i1.14293 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 41

Author(s):

Helena Lúcia Menezes Ferreira ◽

Paulo de Tarso Amorim Castro ◽

Márcia Couto Melo ◽

Pedro Fialho Cordeiro ◽

Aylton Carlos Soares ◽

...

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Large Scale ◽

Ecological Integrity ◽

River System ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Water Bodies ◽

Hydroelectric Reservoir ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Chemical Conditions

<p>This paper presents the applicability of ecohydromorphology assessment in differentiating ecophysical structure of river habitats of Rio das Velhas river basin upward of Rio de Pedras reservoir, Minas Gerais,Brazil. It also presents the identification of the factors conditioning the ecophysical structure of river habitats. This review associated with biological and physico-chemical conditions of the waters aims to assess the ecological integrity of the river system and also validate the characterization of water bodies identified on a large scale in the Rio das Velhas basin.</p>

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Peasant Migration: Law and Practice in Early Ottoman Palestine

New Perspectives on Turkey ◽

10.15184/s0896634600000613 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 49-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amy Singer

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Labor Movements ◽

Agricultural Labor ◽

Short Term ◽

Temporary Migration ◽

Agricultural Enterprises ◽

The Subject ◽

The Government ◽

Seasonal Labor ◽

Migration Law

Peasant migration was the subject of careful regulation in the Ottoman Empire. The government tried to control peasant movement in order to ensure the supply of agricultural labor; peasants, on the other hand, used migration as one weapon against government abuses. This article examines Ottoman policy towards migration and recorded instances of peasant migration in sixteenth-century Palestine.Peasant migration is most commonly considered in the context of seasonal labor movements, responding to large-scale agricultural enterprises or temporary labor shortages. Alternatively, migration may occur as a result of some disaster: war, famine, drought, or flood. Temporary migration suggests a short-term move, wherein people pull up stakes for a denned period and retrace their steps after some months or years. This article, however, examines migration as the action of individuals who appear to have left their former homes permanently.

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