A histological and ultrastructural study was made of the testes of rats, aged 1 to 15 days, which had received partial-body X-irradiation (
ca
. 100 r) on the day of birth. Nineteen serially sectioned testes were subjected to a quantitative analysis including counts of germ cells and measurements of nuclear volume. The type, position and general form of germ cells, together with the incidence of various organelles, was assessed semi-quantitatively from 533 electron micrographs of irradiated (370) and normal (163) tissues. Exposure to 100 r at birth has no marked effect on the total population of germ cells during the first 5 days. The transformation of gonocytes into transitional cells is not affected. Subsequently, the treated testes differ from those of coeval controls by the almost complete absence of germinal mitoses and, consequently, of spermatogonia type A. Many of the transitional cells grow into irregularly-shaped giant cells, usually with a highly lobed nucleus and enlarged nucleoli. Although some cells show condensation of chromatin which may indicate the onset of mitotic prophase, the majority appear to degenerate at interphase. By 10 days, the testes contain only a fraction of the original population of germ cells. No significant changes are detectable in the ultrastructure of germ cells up to 4 days after irradiation. The treatment only induces the sporadic appearance of two minor features (pinocytotic vesicles containing electron-dense material; peripheral granular bodies with some internal organization) which are normally absent from corresponding cells in the controls. Electron micrographs of giant transitional cells confirmed the cytological observations of irregularity of nuclear outline and nucleolar enlargement. The nucleoli are frequently irregular in shape and contain material of two distinct electron densities. In general, the organelles of giant transitional cells are normal and healthy in appearance. With advancing age, an increasing proportion of germ cells show degenerative changes leading to pyknosis. Dead cells appear to be engulfed by neighbouring somatic cells. In both normal and irradiated testes, the simple form of Golgi apparatus in the gonocyte changes to a more complex type in the transitional cells. The persistence of giant cells is associated with a tendency for the Golgi apparatus to revert to the simple type, or to disperse into a number of small simple units. The most striking feature is the relatively high incidence of centrioles, suggesting that radiation-induced mitotic inhibition and gigantism may be accompanied by endomitosis. Irradiation does not markedly affect the appearance and incidence of A- and B-bodies (Franchi & Mandl 1964). These organelles tend, however, to persist over a longer period in irradiated than in untreated young rats.
Phenotypic and Functional Characteristics of Exosomes Derived from Irradiated Mouse Organs and Their Role in the Mechanisms Driving Non-Targeted Effects