Urartian Irrigation Works.

1972 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Burney
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Near East ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
The Bronze Age

If there is one aspect of life in the ancient Near East which may be taken as a common factor between lands and cities so far removed in space and time as Sumer and Urartu, Eridu and Van, it is irrigation. This is a subject crying out for more research, especially on the ground. Here too is a link between Seton Lloyd's excavations at Eridu and in the Diyala region, his publication of Sennacherib's acqueduct and his later interest in Urartu. The writer can claim first-hand knowledge only of the last. Without Seton Lloyd's encouragement in the Institute at Ankara and likewise during the weeks spent as an assistant during the first season's excavations at Beycesultan, the writer would scarcely have set out on his first archaeological survey in northern Anatolia, followed by that in the Pontic region of Tokat and Amasya (1955). These two surveys were but the prelude to those of 1956 and 1957 in eastern Anatolia. These, undertaken initially in the expectation of discovering mounds of the Bronze Age and earlier periods, became instead largely a revelation of the great number of Urartian sites, including numerous fortresses recognizable as such from their surface remains.

Anatolia, Levant, Middle East - Arlene Miller Rosen. Civilizing Climate: Social responses to Climate Change in the Ancient Near East, 2007. xiv+202 pages, 31 illustrations, 8 tables. Lanham, New York, Toronto & Plymouth: AltaMira; 978-0-7591-0493-8 hardback; 978-0-7591-0494-5 paperback £22.99. - Elizabeth C. Stone (ed.). Settlement and Society: Essays dedicatedto Robert McCormick Adams, xxii+490 pages, 105 illustrations, 12 tables. 2007. Los Angeles (CA): Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA & Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; 978-1-931745-32-1 paperback. - Alan H. Simmons The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East: Transforming the Human Landscape. xviii+340 pages, 31 illustrations, 6 tables. 2007. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press; 978-0-8165-2442-6 hardback $55. - Ian Hodder (ed.) with members of the Catalhoyuk teams. Excavating Çatalhöyök: South, North and KOPAL Area reports from the 1995–99 seasons (Catalhoyuk Research Project Volume 3). xviii+588 pages, 310 illustrations, 47 tables. 2007. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research & London: British Institute at Ankara; 978-1-902937-27-4 hardback. - Bill Finlayson & Steven Mithen (ed.). The Early Prehistory of Wadi Faynan, Southern Jordan: Archaeological survey of Wadis Faynan, Ghuwayr and al-Bustan and evaluation of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A site of WF16 (Wadi Faynan Series 1, Levant Supplementary Series 4). xxii+600 pages, 389 illustrations, 122 tables. 2007. Oxford: Oxbow; 978-1-84217-212-4 hardback £75. - Abbas Alizadeh with contributions by Masoumeh Kimiaie, Marjan Mashkour & Naomi F. Miller The Origins of State Organizations in Prehistoric Highland Fars, Southern Iran: Excavations at Tall-e Bakun (Oriental Institute Publications 128). xliv+310 pages, 102 illustrations, 51 tables. 2006. Chicago (IL): Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; 1-885923-36-8 hardback £40. - D.T. Potts & B. Roustaei (ed.) The Mamasani Archaeological Project: Stage One. A report on the first two seasons of the ICAR — University of Sydney expedition to the Mamasani District, Fars Province, Iran (Archaeological Report Monograph Series 10). xvi+700 pages, 432 b&w & colour illustrations. 2006. Tehran: Iranian Center for Archaeological Research; 964-421-088-3 hardback. - Thomas A. Holland Archaeoìogy of the Bronze Age, Hellenistic, and Roman Remains at an Ancient Town on the Euphrates River — Excavations at Tell Es-Sweyhat, Syria Volume 2. Part 1: Text, Part 2: Figures & Plates (Oriental Institute Publications 128). lx+620 pages, 108 tables, 337 figures, 340 plates. 2006. Chicago (IL): Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; 1-885923-33-3 hardback 2 volumes £90. - David Kennedy. Gerasa and the Decapolis: A ‘Virtuaì Island’ in Northwest Jordan. 216 pages, 25 illustrations, tables. 2007. London: Duckworth; 978-0-7156-3567-4 paperback. - William J. Hamblin & David Rolph Seely. Solomons Temple: Myth and History. 224 pages, 200 colour illustrations. 2007. London: Thames & Hudson; 978-0-500-25133-1 hardback £24.95. - Harriet Crawford (ed.). Regime Change in the Ancient Near East and Egypt. From Sargon of Agade to Saddam Hussein. xvi+232 pages, 39 illustrations, 3 tables. 2007. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 978-0-19-726390-7 hardback £35.

Antiquity ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (313) ◽  
pp. 824-824
Author(s):  
Madeleine Hummler
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Near East ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Fars Province ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
University Of Chicago ◽  
Oriental Institute ◽  
The University

scholarly journals The Bronze Age of Kazakhstan in the context of Asian cultural relations

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-63
Author(s):  
М. Pedracki ◽  
◽  
G. Bukesheva ◽  
М. Khabdulina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Near East ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Palace Reliefs ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Bronze Age

It seems that there are some events in the history of Ancient Near Eastern civilizations directly related to the Bronze Age of Kazakhstan. Those events have taken place in the first half of the second millennium BC and were associated with the invasion of mobile groups chariot warriors who brought with themselves a cult of a horse, a war chariot, advanced weapons, and some new ideologies to the Ancient Near East. Those chariotry men became the military aristocracy in many new founded states in Ancient Near East They propagated a heroized image of a warrior- king ride in a chariot, which was widely used in the palace reliefs of the countries of the Ancient Near East. During the last fifty years the archeologists discovered many Bronze Age monuments in Kazakhstan, with cultural indicators which coincided with the characteristics of the historical tribes that invaded early agricultural civilizations of Near East at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC and created new dynasties of rulers. The names of those incomers are preserved in the writing sources of the Near Ancient East states. They are mentioned as: Hyksos, Kassites, Amorites, Mariannu. It is known that some part of them were Indo-Aryans by language. For many decades, linguists, historians and archaeologists have been searching for their ancestral home. The purpose of the article is to characterize the main cultural factors of the Bronze Age cultures of Ural-Kazakhstan steppes and to investigate the possibility of the steppe origin of the chariot warriors income to the Near East in the first half of second millennium BC and thus show the contribution of the ancient population of the Kazakhstan steppes to the world historical process.

Cosmic Deer as an Archaic Symbol in the Narratives and Rituals of the Tungus-Manchus

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
Татьяна Юрьевна Сем
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cosmic Scale ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Bronze Age

Статья посвящена мифологическому образу космического оленя в традиционной культуре тунгусо-маньчжуров. В работе рассматриваются материалы фольклора, шаманства, промысловых и календарных ритуалов, а также искусства. Впервые систематизированы материалы по всем тунгусо-маньчжурским народам. Образ космического оленя в фольклоре эвенов имеет наиболее близкие аналогии с амурскими народами, которые представляют его с рогами до небес. Он сохранился в сказочном фольклоре с мифологическими и эпическими элементами. В эвенском мифе образ оленя имеет космические масштабы: из тела его происходит земля и всё живущее на ней. У народов Амура образ оленя нашел отражение в космогенезе, отделении неба от земли. Своеобразие сюжета космической охоты характеризует общесибирскую мифологию, относящуюся к ранней истории. В ней наиболее ярко проявляется мотив смены старого и нового солнца, хода времени, смены времен года, календарь тунгусо-маньчжуров. В результате анализа автор пришел к выводу, что олень в тунгусо-маньчжурской традиции моделирует пространство и время Вселенной, характеризует образ солнца и хода времени. Космический олень является архетипичным символом культуры тунгусо-маньчжуров, сохранившим свое значение до настоящего времени в художественной культуре This article is devoted to the mythological image of cosmic deer in traditional Tungus-Manchu culture. It examines materials of folklore, shamanism, trade and calendar rituals as well as art and for the first time systematizes materials from all of the Tungus-Manchu peoples. The image of cosmic deer in the folklore of the Evens has its closest analogy in that of the Amur peoples, reflected in the image of a deer with horns reaching up to the sky. This image is preserved in fairytales with mythological and epic elements. In the Even myth, the image of a deer is on a cosmic scale, as the cosmos issues from its body. Among the Amur peoples, the image of a deer is also related to cosmogenesis, to the separation of the earth from the sky. The plot of a cosmic hunt is reflected in pan-Siberian mythology, dating back to the Bronze Age. It clearly illustrates the motif of the change of the old and new sun, the passage of time, the change of seasons, the Tungus-Manchu calendar. The author comes to the conclusion that deer in the Tungus-Manchu tradition, in depicting the image of the sun and the passage of time, model the space and time of the Universe. The cosmic deer is an archetypal symbol of Tungus-Manchu culture, which has retained its significance in artistic culture to the present day.

scholarly journals Dogs accompanied humans during the Neolithic expansion into Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 20180286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgane Ollivier ◽  
Anne Tresset ◽  
Laurent A. F. Frantz ◽  
Stéphanie Bréhard ◽  
Adrian Bălăşescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Near East ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Mitochondrial Lineage ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Neolithic Expansion ◽  
The Bronze Age

Near Eastern Neolithic farmers introduced several species of domestic plants and animals as they dispersed into Europe. Dogs were the only domestic species present in both Europe and the Near East prior to the Neolithic. Here, we assessed whether early Near Eastern dogs possessed a unique mitochondrial lineage that differentiated them from Mesolithic European populations. We then analysed mitochondrial DNA sequences from 99 ancient European and Near Eastern dogs spanning the Upper Palaeolithic to the Bronze Age to assess if incoming farmers brought Near Eastern dogs with them, or instead primarily adopted indigenous European dogs after they arrived. Our results show that European pre-Neolithic dogs all possessed the mitochondrial haplogroup C, and that the Neolithic and Post-Neolithic dogs associated with farmers from Southeastern Europe mainly possessed haplogroup D. Thus, the appearance of haplogroup D most probably resulted from the dissemination of dogs from the Near East into Europe. In Western and Northern Europe, the turnover is incomplete and haplogroup C persists well into the Chalcolithic at least. These results suggest that dogs were an integral component of the Neolithic farming package and a mitochondrial lineage associated with the Near East was introduced into Europe alongside pigs, cows, sheep and goats. It got diluted into the native dog population when reaching the Western and Northern margins of Europe.

scholarly journals Arrest and Movement, an Essay on Space and Time in the Representational Art of the Ancient Near East

1955 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
William Kelly Simpson ◽  
H. A. Groenewegen-Frankfort
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Space And Time

scholarly journals Wealth Inequality in the Ancient Near East: A Preliminary Assessment Using Gini Coefficients and Household Size

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-704
Author(s):  
Pertev Basri ◽  
Dan Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Near East ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Rural Sites

Investigating how different forms of inequality arose and were sustained through time is key to understanding the emergence of complex social systems. Due to its long-term perspective, archaeology has much to contribute to this discussion. However, comparing inequality in different societies through time, especially in prehistory, is difficult because comparable metrics of value are not available. Here we use a recently developed technique which assumes a correlation between household size and household wealth to investigate inequality in the ancient Near East. If this assumption is correct, our results show that inequality increased from the Neolithic to the Iron Age, and we link this increase to changing forms of social and political organization. We see a step change in levels of inequality around the time of the emergence of urban sites at the beginning of the Bronze Age. However, urban and rural sites were similarly unequal, suggesting that outside the elite, the inhabitants of each encompassed a similar range of wealth levels. The situation changes during the Iron Age, when inequality in urban environments increases and rural sites become more equal.

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