Extracts on the history of the Golden Horde from the Shajar-yi turk va mugūl

The article analyzes information on the history of the Golden Horde, contained in the seventh article of historical work of Abū al-Gāzī khan Chīngīzī Khvārazmī the Shajara-yi turk va mugūl, which is one of the most significant monuments of Turkic written heritage. The purpose of the study is the introduction into scientific circulation of a new translation of valuable material on the history of the Chingizids. The work Shajara-yi turk va mugūl is well known to scientists as the text of the manuscript. Its translations have been being published numerously in European, Asian countries, and in Russia since the second quarter of the 18th century. Translations by J. J. P. Desmaisons and G. S. Sablukov into French and Russian published in 1874 and 1906 are still recognized by scientists to a certain extent acceptable for critical use. However, it should be emphasized that in the text of these two publications, there are some errors and semantic distortions of the source’s text. In this regard, the article provides a commented translation of the seventh chapter of Abū al-Gāzī khan’s work under the title “Mention of the reign of Jochi Khan, the eldest son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants in Desht-i Kipchāk”. The comparative-critical analysis of the information of the Shajara-yi turk va mugūl with the data of the works of Rashīd ad-Dīn, Mu’īn al-Dīn Natanzī, Mirza Ulūgbek, Fasih Ahmad al-Khawāfī made it possible to reveal the similarities and differences in the account of the historical events described by the authors. Abū alGāzī khan, using extant sources, supplemented the history of the rulers of the Golden Horde with individual facts; the Khiva work contains information missing from other authors.

Historical geography of Altai in the epoch of Turkic Kaganate (VI-XIII centuries)

In the article the political, economic and cultural changes that took place in the Altai area in the epoch, in which the ancient Turks lived and founded the Kaganate (V-VIII centuries BC). For this, first of all, different ethnic groups (Gaoshae, Dinlin, Togyz Oguz, Basmyl) that inhabited Altai and its surroundings on the eve of the Turkic Era, their ethnic relations with the Blue Turks, migration, and political ties were considered. At the same time, attaching great importance to the legends and stories about the origins of the development and statehood of the Blue Turks, their first Turkic Kaganate, which created the Altai Mountains Central, and its division into two wings East-West, the relations of the West Turkic Kaganate and East Turkic Kaganate with the Tang empire were investigated. The geopolitical position of the Altai region in these historical processes is reflected. This is due to the fact that the Altai region plays a leading role in world historical processes. Three great empires that had an active influence on world history were first established in Altai and were widely spread from it. They are the empires of the Huns, the Blue Turks and the Genghis Khan. It is certainly no coincidence that all these empires could become the mainstay of Altai and influence the world. The article stresses the role and place of the Altai in the spiritual life of Turkic peoples, especially its paramount importance, by a careful examination of various situations characteristic only of the Turkic epoch. The first part deals with the role of Altai in a historical stage of Türks. For the first time it is analyzed as a unified historical and geographical region in the northeastern part of Eastern Turkestan (Xinjiang province of the PRC), where Bogd, Bayt and Altai mountains, Altai and Mountain Altai, as well as Sayan and Oypsei lowlands are located. This is the Altai area that we are constantly talking about. The article reveals the spiritual, economic and political role of the Altai Mountains in the formation of the state and their influence on the outside world and the prosperity of the Turks in the centre of this immense expanse. To that end great importance was attached to historical and geographical signs reflected in the legends about the origin of Türks, recorded in such historical sources of China as «The History of northern khanates», «The book of Chzhou», and «The book of Sui». All these data testify that ancient Türks inhabited in the subsequent half of V century BC from Northern foothills of Gaochan (Idikut) up to the Altai Mountains and its suburbs. So what were the earlier names and where did the Turks walk? To answer that question in the second part of the article we will briefly outline the history of several ethnic groups that formed the Türks. They are Dinlin, Gaoshe, Basmyl and Togyz Oguz, who since ancient times inhabited Altai and established their state one by one. Their entry onto the historical scene, interrelationship, migration, and cultural and economic development in chronological order are investigated in the article. The third section was devoted to the study of political events that took place in Altai during the time of the Turkic Kaganate. In the middle of VI century, the Turks grew out of the Telians that inhabited Altai. They were the Sueyantuo (xueyantuo), Dieleer (Dieleer), Shipan (Shipan), and Daqi (Daqi), inhabiting southwest of the Altai Mountains among 41 tribes stretching widely from Lake Baikal to the river Volga, in the south to the Jetkabyga (northern foothills of Tien Shan), which are mentioned in the «Book of Sui». In 546 other tribes of the Teli, who captured Oguzes, united and went on the offensive against Juzhans. The Tyumen Kagan started the subjugated Teli tribes, ruined them on the road, and took over 50 thousand rubles. From that moment their force increased. The article also emphasized that during the Türkic Kaganate Altai was a centre, and then a border of the Eastern and Western Türkic Kaganates, and the events that took place there affected each side. At the same time the major events that took place in Altai and influenced the political life of Western and Eastern Turkic Khaganates have been considered.

Alma-Ata: some architectural narratives of the soviet city

This article explores some visual narratives of the architectural landscape of Alma-Ata city (modern Almaty). Historical narratives produced or studied by historians in the text are no less vividly and distinctly manifested in the visual sphere. In many ways, this can be attributed to the design of urban space and its architecture. Architecture not only directly depends on the socio-political, ideological, and symbolic regime, but often creates it. Being a product of the era, a zone of perception and reflection of its impulses, the architectural landscape of the city creates a socio-cultural space, which in turn forms the mental background for the inhabitants of this city. Knowledge about cities is a special subject field for comparative urban studies, including a culturalanthropological and ethnographic basis. The article attempts to describe the two main architectural narratives of the city of Almaty (Stalinist Empire style and Soviet modernism) and their projections in the space of historical memory, as well as the relationship of these narratives with the corresponding ideologies (imperial geopolitical ambitions of the USSR in the post-war period and the ideology of modernism of the 60-80s biennium). The problem of updating the cultural heritage of Soviet architecture in the historical memory of the Kazakh society is also posed.

Janasozdik: codifying an inclusive Kazakh slang

This article performs an interdisciplinary analysis of the contemporary issues of the Kazakh language, a Turkic language whose history extends to the ancient Turkic era. There are many factors affecting language development, among them socio-cultural, political, and economic ones. Today, however, social networks are of great importance as a medium of communication – as well as, of course, of language development and change. This paper seeks to illuminate the greater significance of the janasozdik Instagram page in its quest to both codify and create a body of Kazakh slang that reflects the bilingual reality of most of the country’s citizens. Rather than casting blame on those who mix Russian and Kazakh (and perhaps English) within a single Kazakh utterance, janasozdik encourages its followers – who are also its primary contributors – to do so. In this way, the page challenges notions of Kazakh linguistic purity and encourages greater participation in processes of Kazakhization, which have historically marginalized Russophones. Notably, I introduce the concepts of translanguaging and heteroglossia at the end of the article in order to posit that janasozdik occupies an important space in a bilingual country, i.e. providing vocabulary that its citizens do not yet have, but need both of the languages present in their daily lives to describe. In this work, I will take a decidedly multidisciplinary approach to my analysis of janasozdik: rather than examining it as a purely sociological or linguistic phenomenon, I will place the Instagram page in the context of Kazakhstan’s political situation, linguo-historical development, and uniquely Kazakh cultural context. Hopefully, this diverse analysis will shed greater light than a traditional single-subject analysis, allowing for a more nuanced discussion of janasozdik’s influence on Kazakhstan, Kazakhs, and Kazakh-speaking society.

The concept of labor in the history of social thought

The article is devoted to the consideration and analysis of the phenomenon of labor in the historical and philosophical context. The article shows the spiritual and moral foundations of human labor activity, changes and transformation of labor relations throughout history, civilizational and ethno-confessional differences in the organization of economic activity and production. The analysis of labor as a moral category is carried out on the basis of an appeal to the concepts of prominent scientists and thinkers. Thus, the interpretation of labor in the framework of the ancient and Christian worldview is considered from the understanding of labor as a punishment for original sin to its assessment as a godly mission, where it is ontological characteristic of human life. The concept of labor in the theological teaching of Thomas Aquinas is analyzed in detail. Further, in the conditions of theformation of capitalism, a society of commoditymoney relations in the XVIII-XIX centuries there are significant changes in social status and the way of work. In these historical circumstances labor becomes a commodity. Particular attention is paid to the interpretation of the problems of labor in national philosophies. In the development of Russian social thought in this aspect, one can single out the ideas of S.N. Bulgakov, who, at the beginning of the twentieth century, analyzing the origins and spiritual factors of the formation of Russian entrepreneurship, finds its connection with the religiosity of the Old Believers. Kazakh thinkers also attached great importance to the concept of labor. Great Abai, emphasizing the role and importance of labor in the formation of the individual and the development of society, reflected this in his famous «Words of Edification». In modern conditions, among the works of Kazakh researchers, where the problems of labor are considered, one can point to the monograph by Omar Zhalel «Hareket». It focuses on etymological differences in word usage, used in the analysis of the work.

Dialectics, Academician and Time: on the question of dialectics, culture, the status of universities and in connection with the 25th anniversary of the L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University Dedicated to J. M. Abdildin

The article examines the content potential of dialectics, dialectical thinking for the development of culture, civilization and in their context, the sphere of university education. There is carried out a comparative analysis of the rational-empirical and dialectical ways of thinking. The article considers their connection with the possibilities of understanding and studying the essence of procedural phenomena, processality as such, which can only express the possibilities of an adequate understanding of the cognizable and obtaining objective knowledge, both in research and in educational processes. There is conducted an analysis of the specifics of the rational-empirical worldview and world attitude, which proceeds from the tasks of calculating the states of statics at the points «here» and «now», which does not provide consideration of what is happening as a procedural matter. The article describes the anti-dialectical concepts and methods. The author notes concepts within the positivist tradition with its modern trends, postmodernism, functionalism, and structuralism. All forms of antidialectical thinking and methods of rational-empirical understanding of the world lead to serious «mutations» of the understanding of man and humanity, lead demonstrated to the recognition of the priority of the social, consumer image of society and its corresponding value orientations. The real option for the development of sociality (and not sociality), man, science, education, as well as the entire culture and civilization is an adequate, activity-based world attitude and understanding of the world. At the same time, activity as the basis of such a worldview and world attitude should not be understood as a set of actions as, it was suggested, by M. Weber to understand sociality. Dialectical thinking cannot allow the identification of the whole with the totality of its parts, just as it cannot allow the identification of activity with the totality of certain actions. Dialectics, acting at the same time as logic, theory of knowledge and methodology, turns out to be a serious and only basis for an adequate orientation of a person in the world, which reproduces the laws of a person’s holistic activity in his attitude to the world. At the same time, the article considers a social nature of man. Dialectics in the conditions of modern consumer society is extremely little in demand and unacceptably little. In this regard, the works of philosophers who support and develop the classical line of development of philosophy, the line of dialectics, are of particular importance. Its presence is important for the survival of culture and civilization, for the survival of man and society, for resisting the loss of man. In this regard, the article highlights the high social significance of the activities of the Doctor of Philosophy, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan Zh. M. Abdildin, Professor and the high social significance of of the L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, where Zh. M. Abdildin works at the Department of Philosophy. The author notes the need for deep development of dialectics as logic, theory of knowledge and as a methodology for the development of modern science and education. It is of great importance for an adequate understanding and solution of the strategic tasks of modern society, for the preservation of man and humanity, for the development of universities as temples of science, education, and culture in general.

The spread of the national idea of Alash among the Kazakhs of East Turkestan

The ideas of Alash are the spiritual value of the Kazakh people, which determine the development priorities of our state and historical policy. The formation of the USSR and the subsequent totalitarian vector of development conditioned the persecution and exilement of the Alash national intelligentsia. As the result of the repressive policy the majority of the best sons of Kazakh nation were arrested, shot, exiled to camps and forced to flee abroad. There in a foreign land, including in the territory of Xinjiang in China, they continued to spread the progressive ideas of Alash. The authors believe that the ideas of Alash played a role in the creation of the independent Republic of East Turkestan, which existed for five years (1944-1949). The authors examine in the prism of historical events the evolution of Alash ideas since the emergence of its leaders on the territory of East Turkestan, as well as the impact of Alash ideology on the scale of the national liberation struggle. The content of the article demonstrates the main publicity channels which played a particular role in the spread of the Alash idea. Firstly, it is the information obtained from Kazakh, Saryarka newspapers and letters from Aykap magazine. Secondly, these were the Alash emigrants themselves, who were active in spreading the idea of independence in the emigrant community. Third are the new generation, the followers of Alash, who grew up on Alash ideology, poets and writers. The authors show that, as a result of the ideology created by the PRC in 1949, all non-ethnic dissent was banished.

Education in Kazakhstan in the 1920s

The article describes the history of education in Kazakhstan in the 1920s on the basis of an analysis of valuable documents stored in the archives of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Central State Archives and the State Regional Archives of the Kyzylorda Region. Also, it considers new views and scientific conceptual conclusions approved in the domestic historical science. The author presents the advantages and disadvantages of Soviet education in Kazakhstan more than ten years after the establishment of Soviet power. There are analyzed important documents of the revolutionary reorganization of public education in the article. There are revealed essence and content of the decisions of the commissariat of public education on the formation and development of the education system in the region. The author describes the formation of schools of the I and II stages, seven-year education, schools - communes. The article shows the number of schools in Kazakhstan in the 1920-1921 academic year and students, the amount of funds allocated from the budget. There are shown processes of formation and development of the Leninist labor school. There are revealed directions and results of political and educational work in the field of education. According to archival sources, there are considered such problems as lack of school premises and personnel. The article considers the growth in the number of schools and students. The author studied state of education in secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. The author highlighted a problem of training of personnel necessary for the sphere of education in secondary vocational and higher educational institutions. The article provides information about the elimination of illiteracy, the transition to the Latin alphabet, the publication of textbooks, developed curricula for disciplines. There is presented a work of local departments of public education on the issue of new textbooks for Kazakh schools in the article

In search of the truth

. Many important issues and problems related to the future of the nation are raised and analyzed primarily by representatives of the intellectuals, including those in university classrooms. L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University is one of the largest universities in Kazakhstan. The university celebrates its 25th anniversary this year. The Department of Philosophy is involved in the celebration process as well. Philosophy is of great importance for the culture of thinking of modern mankind, the formation of a critical attitude towards the social face of the country, contributing to the expansion of the spiritual outlook of students and the development of national consciousness, the spiritual revival of the nation. Philosophy, which is one of the leading disciplines in the social sciences and the humanities studied in higher and professional schools, from the first days of our university through the staff of the chair has contributed to the development of young students. At the Philosophy Chair of the Faculty of Social Sciences work three academicians of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Abdildin J.M., Garifolla Esim, Nurmanbetova D.N. In addition, about two dozen of doctors and candidates of sciences work at the chair, which shows the high potential and professional skills of the staff. Currently, the Department of Philosophy is headed by Doctor of Philosophy, Professor Kulshat Agibaevna Medeuova. This article will talk about the work of the teaching staff of the Department of Philosophy and about new beginnings and the importance of the activities of academician, thinker, writer, teacher and public figure, Doctor of Philosophy, academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan Garifolla Yesim. Since 2013, the Philosophy Department has been successfully working on a new system of research, creative, methodological work, the foundations of which were laid by Academician Garifollah Yesim. It should be said that Garifollah Yesim from the moment of his arrival at the chair of philosophy after working in the Senate was able to structure and systematize his creative search and ideas, which he pondered all his life, developed a philosophical concept «Zhaksy Kazak», directly related to the national idea «Mangilik El». This concept presents the essence of the category «Zhaksy-Kazak» considered from the image position and seven stages of its achievement. It should be said that these seven stages are worked out in the educational and methodological plan and are studied in the educational programs «Philosophy», «Culture Studies» as elective disciplines.

The role of moral education in personal development

The article raises the problem of moral and spiritual education of a person. Formation of the individual as a personality, is directly linked to the process of education, the main task of which the author sees as the improvement of a person. The article identifies the challenges of moral education. It is shown that the development of moral values has historically changed and is associated with the development of social relations in general. Both the religious values of Islam and the national values are of particular importance for the education of the youth of Uzbekistan. On the example of the collections of hadiths of the hadith scholar and Islamic jurist Abu Isa at-Tirmizi, the books of Imam al-Bukhari, the muhadiss scholar and mufassir, it is proved that the hadiths contain valuable ideas for human spirituality. They are of great importance for understanding the correct relations between a person and society. It is also emphasized that they call people to do good in this world. The article deals with the topic of means and tools of moral education. It is emphasized that in the process of moral education it is necessary to combine traditional and modern means and the special role of the teacher. Moral education is one of the main tasks of Uzbekistan. Progress in society and the state is achieved through upbringing and education, and Uzbek youth take their place in the world, combining their personal interests with interests of their people. The article discusses the importance of morality in ensuring harmony between traditional and modern values and reveals the role of moral and Islamic values in the upbringing of young people.