Absolute-Pitch Judgments of Black and White-Key Pitches

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie H. Takeuchi ◽  
Stewart H. Hulse
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Music Literature ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Response Biases

Absolute-pitch possessors have been reported to identify black-key pitches less quickly and accurately than they identify white-key pitches. However, it is possible in these experiments that the greater speed of identifying white-compared with black-key pitches was due to a motor response bias because the motor requirements for indicating a black-key pitch were more difficult than those for indicating a white-key pitch. The greater accuracy in identifying white-compared with black-key pitches may have been due to a choice response bias favoring white-key pitch responses. We compared absolute- pitch judgments of black-and white-key pitches in a task free of motor response biases. Subjects compared the pitch of an auditory tone with a visually presented pitch name and responded Same or Different. The absolute- pitch possessors responded significantly more slowly to black- key auditory pitches, and to black- key visual pitch names, than to white-key pitches and pitch names. These differences may have been due to perceptual and retrieval processes associated with the frequencies with which black-and white-key pitches and pitch names occur in music literature. Another possible explanation is that absolute-pitch possessors may learn absolute pitch for only white-key pitches in development and may interpolate blackkey pitches from neighboring white-key pitches. Experiments to test these alternative accounts are proposed.

scholarly journals Perceiving Music Through the Lens of Synaesthesia and Absolute Pitch

Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 030100662110344
Author(s):  
Solange Glasser
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Potential Relationship ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Music Literature ◽  
Behavioural Evidence

Synaesthesia and absolute pitch (AP) are two rare conditions that occur more frequently within populations of artistic professionals. Current thinking surrounding synaesthesia and AP and their relationship to music perception form the focus of this article. Given that synaesthesia has rarely been discussed in the music literature, the article surveys and consolidates general neurobiological, psychological, and behavioural evidence to summarise what is currently known on this topic, in order to link this back to the conditions that most relate to music. In contrast, research on AP is now well established in the music literature, but the important gap of linking AP to other conditions such as synaesthesia has yet to be fully explored. This article investigates the potential relationship between synaesthesia and AP for musicians who possess both conditions by systematically comparing the definitions, classifications, prevalence, diagnoses, and impacts on music perception of synaesthesia and AP and provides insights into the varying states of the literature and knowledge of both conditions. In so doing, this article aims to facilitate a greater understanding of music and auditory forms of synaesthesia and their interaction with AP and encourage increased research effort on this important topic.

scholarly journals Morphometric characteristics of the collagen of periimplant zones by using suture material of different structure and chemical composition with the aim of correction of age skin changes

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
M. Turkevуch
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Suture Material ◽  
Threshold Function ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Skin Changes ◽  
Collagen Formation ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Collagen Density ◽  
The Absolute

Morphometric analysis of collagenogenesis of perimplant zones was carried out at application of suture material of different structure and chemical composition for the purpose of establishing the quantitative composition of collagen. The thickness of the sleeve wall was measured using ImageJ ver.1.48u (1,2) using the “straight line” tool. The collagen density of the clutch wall and the collagen density in the surrounding tissues were measured by converting the images into black and white format, followed by obtaining a binary image using the “threshold” function of the ImageJ program. It is established that according to the indicators of thickness of a collagen sleeve and its density leaders are materials LLS. In terms of the density of collagen in tissues close to the clutch, the absolute leader is LLS material. In general, according to the values of all three parameters, the absolute leader in the intensity of collagen formation as the walls of the muffle and surrounding tissues is the LLS material, in the second place, on the aggregate of the three indicators, the materials NS and EV are located.

scholarly journals Pre-print #3

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Samuel Schwarzkopf ◽  
Nonie J Finlayson ◽  
Benjamin de Haas
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Perceptual Bias ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Decision Criteria ◽  
Response Modality ◽  
Multiple Alternative ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
Perceptual Factors

Perceptual bias is inherent to all our senses, particularly in the form of visual illusionsand aftereffects. However, many experiments measuring perceptual biases may besusceptible to non-perceptual factors, such as response bias and decision criteria. Here wequantify how robust Multiple Alternative Perceptual Search (MAPS) is for disentanglingestimates of perceptual biases from these confounding factors. First our results show thatwhile there are considerable response biases in our four-alternative forced choice design,these are unrelated to perceptual biases estimates, and these response biases are notproduced by the response modality (keyboard versus mouse). We also show that perceptualbias estimates are reduced when feedback is given on each trial, likely due to feedbackenabling observers to partially (and actively) correct for perceptual biases. However, thisdoes not impact the reliability with which MAPS detects the presence of perceptual biases.Finally, our results show that MAPS can detect actual perceptual biases and is not adecisional bias towards choosing the target in the middle of the candidate stimulusdistribution. In summary, researchers conducting a MAPS experiment should use a constantreference stimulus, but consider varying the mean of the candidate distribution. Ideally,they should not employ trial-wise feedback if the magnitude of perceptual biases is ofinterest.

scholarly journals The absolute pitch mind continues to reveal itself

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Bermudez ◽  
Robert J Zatorre
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
The Absolute

“Let Me Show You How Nice I Am”: Impression Management as Bias in Empathic Responses

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 752-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Sassenrath
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Impression Management ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Additional Experiment ◽  
Interindividual Differences ◽  
Desirable Response ◽  
Response Biases

Past research showed that empathic responses are confounded with social desirability. The present research aims at illuminating this confound. In a first step, it is examined how a measure typically implemented to screen, for response, biases based on social desirability (i.e., the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding) relate to classical measures of interindividual differences in empathic responses (i.e., the Interpersonal Reactivity Index). Moreover, it is investigated what happens to empathic responses under conditions of reduced opportunity to behave socially desirable. Results of two correlational studies indicate that impression management (IM) as well as self-deceptive enhancement as facets of a socially desirable response bias is related to self-reported empathic responses. Results of an additional experiment show that introducing conditions reducing opportunity for IM lowers empathic responses toward a person in need. Implications for research on self-reported empathy and empathy-induced prosocial behavior are discussed.

scholarly journals Can High-Dimensional Questionnaires Resolve the Ipsativity Issue of Forced-Choice Response Formats?

2020 ◽  
pp. 001316442093486
Author(s):  
Niklas Schulte ◽  
Heinz Holling ◽  
Paul-Christian Bürkner
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scales ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Scoring Methods ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Irt Models ◽  
Response Formats ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
Very High

Forced-choice questionnaires can prevent faking and other response biases typically associated with rating scales. However, the derived trait scores are often unreliable and ipsative, making interindividual comparisons in high-stakes situations impossible. Several studies suggest that these problems vanish if the number of measured traits is high. To determine the necessary number of traits under varying sample sizes, factor loadings, and intertrait correlations, simulations were performed for the two most widely used scoring methods, namely the classical (ipsative) approach and Thurstonian item response theory (IRT) models. Results demonstrate that while especially Thurstonian IRT models perform well under ideal conditions, both methods yield insufficient reliabilities in most conditions resembling applied contexts. Moreover, not only the classical estimates but also the Thurstonian IRT estimates for questionnaires with equally keyed items remain (partially) ipsative, even when the number of traits is very high (i.e., 30). This result not only questions earlier assumptions regarding the use of classical scores in high-dimensional questionnaires, but it also raises doubts about many validation studies on Thurstonian IRT models because correlations of (partially) ipsative scores with external criteria cannot be interpreted in a usual way.

Single-Source Response Bias in the Job Diagnostic Survey

1989 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Spangler
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Implicit Theories ◽  
Job Characteristics ◽  
Single Source ◽  
Job Characteristics Model ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Job Diagnostic Survey ◽  
Response Biases

Tests of the job characteristics model using the Job Diagnostic Survey have been criticized in the literature for having single-source response bias. To test this criticism, undergraduate and graduate students used the Job Diagnostic Survey to describe their job as “student” (the pretest). The same students then worked at and described a contrived job using the survey. Results from the current study suggested that personality and instrument characteristics had relatively minimal effects on interscale correlations of the scores in the survey within and across situations. However, response biases attributable to priming, consistency, and implicit theories artificially inflated interscale correlations.

scholarly journals Stereotype-based priming without stereotype activation: A tale of two priming tasks

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1939-1948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitra Tsamadi ◽  
Johanna K Falbén ◽  
Linn M Persson ◽  
Marius Golubickis ◽  
Siobhan Caughey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Response Priming ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Automatic Activation ◽  
Response Biases

An extensive literature has demonstrated stereotype-based priming effects. What this work has only recently considered, however, is the extent to which priming is moderated by the adoption of different sequential-priming tasks and the attendant implications for theoretical treatments of person perception. In addition, the processes through which priming arises (i.e., stimulus and/or response biases) remain largely unspecified. Accordingly, here we explored the emergence and origin of stereotype-based priming using both semantic- and response-priming tasks. Corroborating previous research, a stereotype-based priming effect only emerged when a response-priming (vs. semantic-priming) task was used. A further hierarchical drift diffusion model analysis revealed that this effect was underpinned by differences in the evidential requirements of response generation (i.e., a response bias), such that less evidence was needed when generating stereotype-consistent compared with stereotype-inconsistent responses. Crucially, information uptake (i.e., stimulus bias, efficiency of target processing) was faster for stereotype-inconsistent than stereotype-consistent targets. This reveals that stereotype-based priming originated in a response bias rather than the automatic activation of stereotypes. The theoretical implications of these findings are considered.

Reply to Block

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 1034-1034
Author(s):  
Oliver W. Hill ◽  
R. W. Stuckey
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White College

To examine the role of beliefs about time in the epistemic differences between black and white college students, we agree with Block that use of all four wordings of the Temporal Inventory on Meaning and Experience is desirable to assess response bias.

scholarly journals The Reaction Switching Produces A Greater Bias to Prepotent Response than Reaction Inhibition

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Kirill Fadeev ◽  
Tatyana Alikovskaia ◽  
Alexey Tumyalis ◽  
Alexey Smirnov ◽  
Kirill Golokhvast
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Prepotent Response ◽  
Response Switching ◽  
Alternative Responses ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Reaction Inhibition

There is a discussion about common or various mechanisms of response inhibition and response switching. To understand these mechanisms, we used a modified Go/NoGo task with three stimulus categories. The subjects were instructed to press a button in response to frequent Go stimuli, press another button in response to rare Go stimuli and hold any motor response following the presentation of NoGo stimuli. The results showed a decrease in reaction time for frequent Go, following both categories of rare stimuli and the decrease was greater following rare Go. Also, the total number of errors did not differ between Go and NoGo, however, a greater bias of error rate towards frequent Go stimuli was found for rare Go compared to NoGo. Finally, positive correlations were found between the increase in reaction time for rare Go compared to frequent Go and the number of errors for both rare Go and rare NoGo. Together, these results indicate that both rare Go and NoGo stimuli required to inhibit the prepotent response, but rare Go in comparison to NoGo stimuli also evoked a conflict between prepotent and alternative responses, which is expressed in greater response bias toward frequent Go.

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