The Σχῆμα Τριαίνης in the Erechtheion

1901 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 325-333
Author(s):  
Martin P. Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Points ◽  
Solid Rock ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Middle Chamber ◽  
North Wall ◽  
The Temple

The two cultus monuments whose existence is bound up with the solid rock on which the Erechtheion stands have always been eagerly sought for in the hope that they might be used as fixed points from which to determine the complicated plan of the temple.Perhaps the ‘salt spring’ has attracted less attention than the ‘trident-mark.’ Boetticher supposed it to lie at the lowest part of the middle chamber, where a hollow in the rock, communicating with a still deeper cleft, even now collects water after a shower. As Pausanias states that the ‘spring,’ was ἔνδον this is perhaps the most likely spot, unless we prefer to locate it in the West Hall, and to suppose that it was destroyed when the cistern was built. It is true that J. Fergusson placed the ‘spring’ in the north-west angle of the West Cella, but this is quite an arbitrary hypothesis, and appears untenable, because the rock has here a fall towards the outside through the opening which pierces the north wall and leads into the crypt under the north porch.

Akeman Street and the River Cherwell

1929 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
B. H. St. J. O'Neil
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Points ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Ordnance Survey ◽  
North West ◽  
The Road ◽  
The North ◽  
Straight Lines

The exact course of the Roman road called Akeman Street in the neighbourhood of the river Cherwell, some 9 miles north of Oxford, for a distance of a little over a mile, has long remained uncertain. The road is traceable from the west as far as the south-east corner of Tackley Park, and from the east as far as the north-west corner of Kirtlington Park. Between these two fixed points the road is, conjecturally, marked on the Ordnance Survey map merely by two parallel dotted straight lines, drawn with the aid of a ruler.

Casa del Fabbro (I 10,7)

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Small Ring ◽  
East Side ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Partition Wall ◽  
West Side ◽  
North West ◽  
West Wall ◽  
The North ◽  
North Wall

The doorposts and the walls of the entranceway to this house were coarsely plastered and the pavement was of lavapesta. The walls have been much restored since excavation, prohibiting the identification of any breaches that might provide evidence for disturbance. Outside the entrance, on the west side, is a low, plastered, masonry bench (1.57 m × 0.38 m × 0.42 m), which Elia identified as a seat for waiting clients. Within the entranceway, a few centimetres above the pavement, a number of finds were made. These were all of iron—a large lock, two hooks, a handle, two keys, at least one door latch and numerous studs and nails—and no doubt mainly the fittings for the house door. One of the keys was large and probably a door key. Its discovery here suggests that the occupants were still in residence, or at least had not had the time or inclination to lock up their house, before fleeing from the eruption. A small ring was also found in this entranceway, and was probably a lost finger-ring. This room is closed to the street but almost completely open along its east side onto the entranceway. The walls had a high, pink-plastered socle, to 1.6 m above the pavement, with white plaster above, and the pavement was of tiles and mortar. There are breaches in the west and south walls, possibly the result of post-eruption disturbance. A stairway ran along the north wall, rising from east to west. Underneath was a low partition wall jutting out at right angles from the west wall, to partition off a latrine in the north-west corner. This partition wall post-dates the plaster on the west wall. A line of roof tiles, set into the floor and running from this partition wall to the south jamb on the east wall, is assumed to have been for flushing the latrine. A truncated amphora, with visible organic contents, was set into the pavement in the south-east corner. Other finds from this room, but with no precise provenances, include: two relatively small bronze strap hinges, possibly from furniture; a bronze casseruola; two ceramic jugs; a hoe, probably for gardening; an axehead, probably a woodman’s; and a bronze brooch.

scholarly journals Wall painting of Late Antique tombs in Sirmium and its Vicinity

Starinar ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 223-249
Author(s):  
Ivana Popovic
Keyword(s):  
Wall Painting ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
West Wall ◽  
The North ◽  
North Wall ◽  
The Village

In the east and northwest necropoles of Sirmium were discovered painted tombs which were not published until now. Painting in them is from the 4th century. The grave next to the north-west wall of basilica of St. Iraeneus (east necropolis) was painted with tied garlands and stem, and partly saved frescoes from the tomb around the basilica of St. Sineros (north-west necropolis) point to the conclusion that this is a funeral procession, the scene which is represented in its entirety in the tomb in neighboring Beska. These three tombs belong to the pagan population of Sirmium and its vicinity. On the west wall of the tomb in Mike Antica Street (periphery of the east necropolis) is represented the motif of scales with fillings, while on its south and north wall are represented the episodes from Jonah?s cycle. Painting in the tomb shows that the buried person was a Christian. Of Christian character is also the burial in the tomb from the village Calma, not far from Sirmium. On its longitudinal walls is schematically represented the railing, made of parts between which there were the columns carrying the herms, and which has the symbolical meaning of the ?railing of Paradise?.

Excavations at Fishbourne, 1963. Third Interim Report

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Keyword(s):  
Interim Report ◽  
The West ◽  
Civic Society ◽  
North West ◽  
The Third ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Future ◽  
Set Up

Early in 1963 much of the land occupied by the Roman building at Fishbourne was purchased by Mr. I. D. Margary, M.A., F.S.A., and was given to the Sussex Archaeological Trust. The Fishbourne Committee of the trust was set up to administer the future of the site. The third season's excavation, carried out at the desire of this committee, was again organized by the Chichester Civic Society.1 About fifty volunteers a day were employed from 24th July to 3rd September. Excavation concentrated upon three main areas; the orchard south of the east wing excavated in 1962, the west end of the north wing, and the west wing. In addition, trial trenches were dug at the north-east and north-west extremities of the building and in the area to the north of the north wing. The work of supervision was carried out by Miss F. Pierce, M.A., Mr. B. Morley, Mr. A. B. Norton, B.A., and Mr. J. P. Wild, B.A. Photography was organized by Mr. D. B. Baker and Mrs. F. A. Cunliffe took charge of the pottery and finds.

An Iron Age A site on the Chilterns

1951 ◽  
Vol 31 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 132-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Richardson ◽  
Alison Young
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Roman Villa ◽  
Adjoining Area ◽  
Cursory Examination ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Hill

In 1946 a visit to the barrow, which lies on the edge of the western scarp of Chinnor Common, and a cursory examination of the adjoining area, cultivated during the war, resulted in finds of pottery and other objects indicating Iron Age occupation. The site lies on the saddleback of a Chiltern headland, at a height of about 800 ft. O.D. Two hollow ways traverse the western scarp, giving access to the area from the Upper Icknield Way, which contours the foot of the hill, then drops to cross the valley, passing some 600 yards to the north of the Iron Age site of Lodge Hill, Bledlow, and rising again continues northwards under Pulpit Hill camp and the Ellesborough Iron Age pits below Coombe Hill. The outlook across the Oxford plain to the west is extensive, embracing the hill-fort of Sinodun, clearly visible some fourteen miles distant on the farther bank of the Thames. The hollow way at the north-west end of the site leads down to a group of ‘rises’ hard by the remains of a Roman villa, and these springs are, at the present day, the nearest water-supply to the site.

The use of high-resolution stratigraphy and derived lithoclasts to document structural inversion; a case study from the Paleogene, Isle of Wight, U.K.

2021 ◽  
pp. jgs2020-156
Author(s):  
Andy Gale
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
Geologic Time ◽  
Northern Limb ◽  
The North ◽  
Basement Faults ◽  
Structural Inversion ◽  
Geologic Time Scale ◽  
Radiometric Ages

The effects of structural inversion, generated by the Pyrenean Orogeny on the southerly bounding faults of the Hampshire Basin (Needles and Sandown Faults) on Eocene sedimentation in the adjacent regions were studied in outcrops by sedimentary logging, dip records and the identification of lithoclasts reworked from the crests of anticlines generated during inversion. The duration and precise age of hiatuses associated with inversion was identified using bio- and magnetostratigraphy, in comparison with the Geologic Time Scale 2020. The succession on the northern limb of the Sandown Anticline (Whitecliff Bay) includes five hiatuses of varying durations which together formed a progressive unconformity developed during the Lutetian to Priabonian interval (35-47Ma). Syn-inversion deposits thicken southwards towards the southern margin of the Hampshire Basin and are erosionally truncated by unconformities. The effects of each pulse of inversion are recorded by successively shallower dips and the age and nature of clasts reworked from the crest of the Sandown Anticline. Most individual hiatuses are interpreted as minor unconformities developed subsequent to inversion, rather than eustatically-generated sequence boundaries:transgressive surfaces. In contrast, the succession north of the Needles Fault (Alum Bay) does not contain hiatuses of magnitude or internal unconformities. In the north-west of the island, subsidiary anticlinal and synclinal structures developed in response to Eocene inversion events by the reactivation of minor basement faults. The new dates of the Eocene inversion events correspond closely with radiometric ages derived from fracture vein-fill calcites in Dorset, to the west (36-48Ma).

Recession and the Regions in Great Britain, 1976–1980: Analyses of Redundancy Data

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1389-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
A R Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Regional Data ◽  
The West ◽  
Industrial Composition ◽  
British Economy ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
Policy Interest

The severe downturn in the British economy in 1980 is apparent in regional data for employment (provisional), redundancies, and unemployment. Five shift-share analyses are used here to explore the data on employment and redundancies, three of them conducted at ‘minimum list heading’ level. The period 1976 to 1979 is one of poor performance by regions of traditional policy interest, whereas the events of 1980 are seen as essentially a national phenomenon. However, bias in the industrial composition of the recession towards manufacturing in general and towards certain individual products is sufficient to focus its very worst effects on Wales, the West Midlands, and the North West.

scholarly journals Before the Celts: Cosmology, Landscape and Folklore in Neolithic Northwest Iberia

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-45
Author(s):  
Fabio Silva
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Celtic Studies ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Northwest Iberia

This paper applies a combined landscape and skyscape archaeology methodology to the study of megalithic passage graves in the North-west of the Iberian Peninsula, in an attempt to glimpse the cosmology of these Neolithic Iberians. The reconstructed narrative is found to be supported also by a toponym for a local mountain range and associated folklore, providing an interesting methodology that might be applied in future Celtic studies. The paper uses this data to comment on the ‘Celticization from the West’ hypothesis that posits Celticism originated in the European Atlantic façade during the Bronze Age. If this is the case, then the Megalithic phenomenon that was widespread along the Atlantic façade would have immediately preceded the first Celts.

scholarly journals La moneda como ofrenda en los manantiales

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Abad Varela
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Springs ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Sobre Todo ◽  
Península Ibérica

A la vista de como se han producido la mayoría de los hallazgos analizados y según se desprende de las fuentes escritas, diríamos que en la península ibérica y sobre todo en la parte Occidental se realizaron en la Antigüedad ofrendas monetales a divinidades de las aguas y fundamentalmente, por las referencias que tenemos, a las divinidades de las fuentes termales. Únicamente nos queda la duda de si la fuente de Peña Cutral en Retortillo (Reinosa, Santander) es termal o no, pues si no lo fuese sería el único hallazgo dentro de una fuente no termal. Se podría entender, con ciertos reparos en algún caso, que también se hicieron arrojándolas al curso de los ríos, depositándolas en la orilla y lanzándolas a las charcas o pantanos. Por otro lado, las monedas que se han encontrado en las fuentes, en contraposición con las recogidas en los ríos, suelen estar en muy mala conservación, hasta el punto de que muchas se desintegran en las manos al estar muy atacadas por los ácidos. A juzgar por algunos de los hallazgos, se podría creer que las ofrendas más valiosas se procuró depositarlas en lugares seguros o resguardados, como es el caso de la Hermida, de la Fuente de El Sarso, del Balneario de Fortuna y podríamos recordar también el hallazgo del conocido depósito de Oñate. De acuerdo con la cronología de las monedas y según sus resultados estadísticos, la costumbre o rito de depositar o arrojar «stips» a las aguas, principalmente termales, se practicó en la península Ibérica más intensamente entre los siglos i a. C. al ii d. C. Este período coincide con el momento que más estuvo en boga el uso de las aguas termales, a juzgar por lo que se trató el tema en las fuentes escritas. Al mismo tiempo que se percibe esta moda en la vida diaria, pues Suetonio nos dice que Augusto, a pesar de que por su naturaleza enfermiza no abusaba de los baños, sin embargo, cuando necesitaba templar los nervios tomaba baños de mar o las aguas termales de Albula ^'. De Nerón nos dice que cuando reconstruyó su casa en Roma después del incendio, la famosa domus áurea, hizo llegar a las salas de baño agua de mar y de Albula *"*. Por las aras recogidas en las fuentes termales, sabemos que las divinidades que más se sintieron favorecidas con estas ofrendas monetales fueron las Ninfas y las aguas que más beneficios causaron o por las que se sintieron más agradecidos los visitantes fueron las de aguas sulfuradas- cálcicas, es decir, las que se recomiendan principalmente para los problemas de dermatosis herpética, neurosis y catarros crónicos de las vías respiratorias ^^ sin que ésto signifique que hubiese alguna relación entre las cualidades de las aguas y las divinidades a quienes se dedicaron las aras. Finalmente, conviene señalar que son éstas las únicas conclusiones a las que nos atrevemos a llegar partiendo de las informaciones que tenemos. No obstante, deseamos que en un futuro se produzcan más hallazgos en lugares tan particulares como los señalados, fuentes, ríos y lagos, que nos permitan confirmar o desmentir con más precisión nuestras hipótesis. Para que ésto suceda animo desde aquí a los arqueólogos para que busquen este tipo de yacimientos y tengan en cuenta sus ofrendas, tratándolas con cuidado por su mal estado, y no tardando en darlas a conocer como tales.This paper deals with the finding of thirty one cases of possible monetary offerings to the divinities in the waters of the Spanish península. The largest number of cases involve springs, which make up 74.19 % of the total, of which 78.26 % are hyperthermal springs with temperatures ranging between 15 and 70 C. Most of these springs are to be found ín the West of Spaín. They are mainly connected with the Nymphis, except in the North West, where they are offered up to Apollini, to judge from the devotional alters which can be sean. It would appear, from the coins collected, that the custom of throwing stipes to the deities of the springs was mostly practiced between the 1st century B.C. and the 2nd century A. D., although a slight increase can be seen towards the middie of the 4th century A. D. The thermal springs which benefitted nnost from the profits of these offerings were those with suifuric-caicic waters.

House I 10,8

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
The West ◽  
Comparable Group ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wall ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Small Shell ◽  
Lead Weights

The surviving plaster on the walls of this entranceway consisted of a high pink socle, delineated in red, with a white zone above. Ling observed that this overlay an earlier First-Style decoration on the east wall and that it had been patched in antiquity. Breaches are found in both the east and west walls. Outside the entrance, to either side, is a masonry bench (east bench: l.: 2.1 m, d.: 380 mm; west bench: l.: 2.4 m, d.: 460 mm), both much damaged. Finds within the entranceway consisted of bronze and iron studs, undoubtedly from the house door. Remains of plastered decoration survive on the south wall. Elia recorded a yellow dado, surmounted by a red band, with white plaster above. There is a breach in the north-west corner through to Unit no. 9, above a blocked doorway. At the centre of this front hall is a tufa impluvium (2.4 m × 2.1 m). In the north-west corner, 1 m above the pavement, were found: a small bronze ring; a bronze stud, similar to those in the entranceway and probably also from the front door; a fragment of a stone mortar or hand-mill; some glass beads; a small shell; and two bronze quadrantes, one of Nero dated ad 64. The fragmentary or loseable nature of these items suggests that they were disturbed from the ground level. Other small loseable items were found in the north-east corner: a small glass bottle, probably a toilet item; and possibly five more coins. One metre from the west side of the impluvium were found: another part of a hand-mill; two large stone weights; at least fifty-three lead weights, probably from a loom; and two other spherical stones, possibly also weights. The large number of lead weights is comparable with the quantity found under the stairway in room i of the Casa del Principe di Napoli. Another comparable group of forty loom weights was found together in a pit at Zugmantel. As Jongman noted, this amount would be equivalent to that required for one or perhaps two warp-weighted looms. It is therefore commensurate with the existence of such a loom, or looms, in this area, or of replacement loom weights, for domestic use.

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