The Expulsion of The Jesuits From Spain and Spanish America In 1767 in Light of Eighteenth-Century Regalism

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Mörner
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Jesuit Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up

When Expelling the Jesuits from his realm in 1767, Charles III of Spain explained this extraordinary measure in only vague and mysterious terms. He said he was “moved by weighty reasons, conscious of his duty to uphold obedience, tranquility and justice among his people, and (was also acting) for other urgent, just, and compelling causes, which he was locking away in his royal breast.” Furthermore, the first part of the report of the committee preparing the expulsion, the Extraordinary Council of Castile, a report which must have contained the motivation, has been missing since at least 1815. The whole history of the expulsion has thus been shrouded in an air of mystery. Historians have not been satisfied with pointing to possible Jesuit implication in the so-called “Hat and Cloak Riots ” of 1766, which caused the Extraordinary Council to be set up to undertake the inquiry that less than a year later produced the royal decision to expel the Jesuits. Instead, they have suggested other explanations according to their gift of imagination and their religio-political orientation. Several theories of “conspiracy ” have been advanced. Either the Freemasons, impious Voltairians or the manteistas, that is, intellectuals of poor background, supposedly resentful of the snobbism of Jesuit education, have been held responsible for such “conspiracies ” against the Jesuits. Important documentation from the Extraordinary Council, which almost compensates for the lost piece, has been easily available since the 1890’s.

Histories of Their Own Times

2020 ◽  
pp. 181-213
Author(s):  
Laura J. Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colley Cibber ◽  
Set Up

This chapter explains how Colley Cibber became a crucial figure in the preservation of Restoration cosmopolitanism in the eighteenth century, through both his fop performances and his influential Apology. As a prominent Whig who was cozy with the Walpole administration, he repudiated Restoration absolutist ambitions. While rejecting Tory politics, he nevertheless embraced Stuart glamor and particularly Stuart theatrical innovations. In ways that would have been clear to contemporary readers but now demand excavation, Cibber set up his Apology as an alternative to Gilbert Burnet's ubiquitous History of His Own Times, which dwells on the brutality of Stuart rule. Cibber shared Burnet's rejection of absolutist politics, but nevertheless recovered the glamor and theatrical innovation of the Restoration by impersonating and exaggerating its fops in repeated gestures of deliberate anachronism that promoted the pleasures of the foppish spirit of national and gendered fungibility.

scholarly journals World Trade in Medicinal Plants from Spanish America, 1717–1815

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Gänger
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Materia Medica ◽  
Relative Ease ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis article outlines the history of the commerce in medicinal plants and plant-based remedies from the Spanish American territories in the eighteenth century. It maps the routes used to transport the plants from Spanish America to Europe and, along the arteries of European commerce, colonialism and proselytism, into societies across the Americas, Asia and Africa. Inquiring into the causes of the global ‘spread’ of American remedies, it argues that medicinal plants like ipecacuanha, guaiacum, sarsaparilla, jalap root and cinchona moved with relative ease into Parisian medicine chests, Moroccan court pharmacies and Manila dispensaries alike, because of their ‘exotic’ charisma, the force of centuries-old medical habits, and the increasingly measurable effectiveness of many of these plants by the late eighteenth century. Ultimately and primarily, however, it was because the disease environments of these widely separated places, their medical systems and materia medica had long become entangled by the eighteenth century.

The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche

1972 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. D. Newitt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Early History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Set Up

The sultanate of Angoche on the Moçambique coast was founded probably towards the end of the fifteenth century by refugees from Kilwa. It became a base for Muslim traders who wanted to use the Zambezi route to the central African trading fairs and it enabled them to by-pass the Portuguese trade monopoly at Sofala. The Portuguese were not able to check this trade until they themselves set up bases on the Zambezi in the 1530s and 1540s, and from that time the sultanate began to decline. Internal dissensions among the ruling families led to the Portuguese obtaining control of the sultanate in the late sixteenth century, but this control was abandoned in the following century when the trade of the Angoche coast dwindled to insignificance. During the eighteenth century movements among the Macua peoples of the mainland and the development of the slave trade in the Indian Ocean laid the foundations for the revival of the sultanate in the nineteenth century.

Imagining the Conquest

2018 ◽  
pp. 17-62
Author(s):  
Elena A. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
Overseas Territories ◽  
The City

Chapter 1 gives a history of British expansion into Caribbean waters claimed by Spain and developing conflict over commercial access to and political control over the island of Cuba. A deep-seated obsession with capturing Havana developed as early as the sixteenth century, during these years of English and later British advance. In the early eighteenth century, the British-dominated slave trade to Spanish America and the contraband traffic that accompanied it led to conflicts with Spain that precipitated a cycle of wars. The Spanish monarchy sought exclusive political and commercial control over its overseas territories, yet, to its dismay, the local dynamics of these wars led to even more regional autonomy and integration for its overseas possessions. Through a cycle of eighteenth-century wars targeting Spanish America, British subjects developed closer commercial ties with Havana, and British commanders gained better knowledge of how to attack the city with each failed attempt.

Rethinking Negotiation and Coercion in an Imperial State

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Marichal
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
Long Span ◽  
Fiscal Reforms ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Imperial State

Abstract By reinterpreting the recent literature on the fiscal history of Spain and Spanish America during the long span of the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, Irigoin and Grafe have written a major revisionist essay that will probably change the way historians think about intra-imperial fiscal relations and that raises many important issues regarding the strategies of local elites within the imperial structure. They also demonstrate that the analysis of the internal dynamics of the Spanish empire can contribute forcefully to contemporary debates on the comparative study of eighteenth-century empires. Nonetheless, numerous facets of the essay run counter to the findings of many historians who have laboriously reconstructed the Bourbon tax system in Spanish America. A reading of the historical literature produced over the last two decades suggests that while political negotiations between the Spanish monarchy and privileged corporations and urban governments were of great importance, it would be a mistake to discount the importance of coercion and censorship as essential and frequently used instruments of the crown and the powerful to maintain the status quo. These were common instruments in the metropolis but were not infrequently applied with singular severity in the colonies. In the case of Spanish America in the second half of the eighteenth century, the nature of coercion and the brutal response to popular protests (particularly tax revolts) have been analyzed by numerous historians but are downplayed in the essay under discussion. Similarly, it is important to note that most recent historical studies demonstrate that the fiscal reforms carried out by the Bourbon regime throughout Spanish America were much more homogeneous and successful in extracting a rapidly rising level of tax resources from the colonial population than the authors would appear to suggest.

scholarly journals «Book depository, idols and paintings»: Princes Yusupovs’ book collection

Bibliosphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
O. Yu. Murashko
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Family History ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Book Collecting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Book Collections ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Culture Development

The article gives a brief characteristic of the Yusupovs’ book collection. The eighteenth century was the time when collecting got very popular in Russia. Book collections became the main part of the Russian aristocratic society collection and formed private rich collections. The library of Yusupovs’ princely family is an example of such book collection. The study of this matter involves certain difficulties because Yusupovs’ library was divided into several parts and kept in different palaces and country estates in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Spasskoe-Kotovo, Arkhangelskoe, Rakitnoe. It is known that Yusupovs’ library has consisted of about 60,000 of books, 400 of them belonged to the earliest Russian printed art. B. G. Yusupov and his wife I. M. Yusupova set up the traditions of book collecting. The Yusupovs’ library has enraptured his contemporaries. A. S. Pushkin visited this library. His monument was raised in Arkhangelskoe in the poet’s name. N. B. Yusupov inherited his grandfather’s interest in dramatic and music art, and replenished the collection with rare musical editions and claviers. He went down in history as a vice-director of the Imperial Public Library, its patron and the donator. Moreover, he wrote a book about the Yusupovs family history. Felix Yusupov inherited the writer’s talent from his grandfather N. B. Yusupov, and wrote two books. Studying the history of Yusupovs` book collection gives an idea of book and bibliographic culture development throughout the mid XVIII - early XIX centuries. Nowadays the library in Arkhangelskoe has a significant book collection, which is considered to be Russian national treasury.

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