LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LA CAPACIDAD TRIBUTARIA: EVIDENCIA PARA UN PANEL DE PAÍSES

<p>En este documento analizo la relación que existe entre el crecimiento económico, el comercio exterior y la capacidad tributaria. Sostengo que los impuestos no necesariamente distorsionan la eficiencia y que dependen de la actividad económica. Para documentar la hipótesis realizo cuatro modelos panel cointegrados para un grupo de 55 países y su subsecuente división de acuerdo con tres niveles de ingreso para el periodo de 1990-2018. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el crecimiento económico es una condición <em>sine qua non</em> para determinar la capacidad recaudatoria pero no es suficiente en aquellos países con desigualdad económica. Por lo tanto, es necesario estimular el desarrollo económico y promover reformas fiscales progresivas.</p><p> </p><p align="center">THE COMPOSITION OF TAX EFFORT: EVIDENCE FOR A PANEL OF COUNTRIES.</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>This document analyzes the relationship between economic growth, foreign trade and tax capacity. It is argued that taxes do not distort efficiency and that they depend on economic activity. In order to empirically support our hypothesis, four cointegrated panel models are carried out for a group of 55 countries and their subsequent division according to three income levels for the period 1990-2018. The results obtained show that economic growth is a <em>sine qua non</em> condition for determining tax capacity, but it is not enough in countries plagued with economic inequality. Therefore, it is necessary to stimulate economic development and promote progressive fiscal reforms.</p>

FORMATION OF LOCAL BUDGET REVENUES IN THE CONTEXT OF BUDGETARY AND FISCAL REFORMS IN UKRAINE

The article investigates the problem of local budget revenues formation in the context of fiscal reforms in Ukraine. The authors provide definitions of such concepts as "local budget", "budget revenues", "own and fixed revenues of local budgets". The composition of local budget revenues is determined and the peculiarities of their change due to budgetary and tax changes during 2001-2020 are considered. Relevant in this paper is the separation of these changes in a table, which is related to the new versions of the Budget Code, as well as the division of revenues into own and fixed. The impact of budget and tax reforms on filling the revenue side of local budgets, especially revenues from local taxes and fees, is described. The significance of the decentralization process for local budgets in terms of stages of its implementation has been studied. The importance of the personal income tax as the main budget-forming tax in the fixed revenues of local budgets and the change in the norms of its deduction to different levels of local budgets in the process of budget and tax reforms are highlighted. The importance of associations of territorial communities in order to increase their financial independence is described. Emphasis is placed on the importance of adopting a number of bills on the procedure for paying personal income tax, which contribute to the fair distribution of this tax between different territorial communities. The research is to determine the dependence of changes in local budget revenues on changes in budget and tax legislation of Ukraine.

Local Legitimacy and Tax Policy: Qaids as Part of a Composite State in Colonial Tunisia

The colonial history of Tunisia has long been dictated by colonial sources that made the qaid (an official in charge of fiscal attributions), from the viewpoint of the capital city, a local notable and often a prevaricator. This study proposes to reconsider the relationship between government and regional power in the colonial context by drawing on the recent work of Ottoman studies about provincial elites. The article studies the fiscal reforms of the interwar period in a cereal-growing region of Tunisia, relying on sources in Arabic produced by the qaids, namely the administrative correspondence between local authorities, the prime minister, and colonial controllers. This article describes the role of qaids in the negotiation between national law and local specificities and finally highlights the role of decentralization and a local way of thinking about the state in the 1930s. It contributes to colonial history and the history of taxation by highlighting the territorial fractures in North Africa and the agency of local actors under the protectorate.

Elections will determine Germany’s fiscal direction

Significance The debt brake, which places a strict limit on the issuance of public debt and reflects Germany's innate fiscal conservatism, is being challenged given COVID-19 disruption, a housing crisis and the commitment to transition to a net-zero emissions economy. Impacts The chances of a coalition excluding the CDU/CSU have increased in recent weeks following the CDU’s decline in the polls. The European Commission will be sympathetic to the demands of southern European countries when considering fiscal reforms. A substantial reduction in German debt issuance could see the ECB exceed its debt limits.

Fiscal policy will be the EU’s next key battle

Headline EU: Member states are divided over fiscal reforms

Jacobitism, Coastal Policing, and Fiscal-Military Reform in England after the Glorious Revolution, 1689–1702

Customs activity during the 1690s has mainly been studied from a fiscal-military perspective that attributes administrative growth and bureaucratic efficiency to the rise of fiscal necessities in the wake of the Nine Years’ War. This article challenges that view with a focus on the one truly momentous change of the Customs during the 1690s: the establishment of a preventive coastal police. Changes in the Customs were occasioned not primarily by fiscal concerns but resulted from the government's preoccupation with Jacobitism and the successful lobbying of Parliament by the wool interest. As the politics of the wool ban before 1689 demonstrate, coastal policing was a losing bargain in fiscal terms and mainly reflected the interests of certain sections of the merchant community. Fiscal pressures alone do not, therefore, explain the fundamental reform of the Customs in the wake of the Glorious Revolution. The beginnings of systematic coastal policing are instead linked to the rise of Parliament and anti-Jacobite precautions of William III's government. The article offers a new, coherent picture of such changes and calls into question the validity of a central assumption about the rise of the fiscal-military state in Britain after the Glorious Revolution, suggesting a more complicated explanation for fiscal reforms.

Far-right Fratelli could lead Italy's next government

Significance Meloni has benefited from the declining support for Silvio Berlusconi’s Forza Italia and Matteo Salvini’s League, and more recently the fact that FdI is the only parliamentary party not supporting Prime Minister Mario Draghi’s technocratic government. Impacts Deepening north-south inequality would play into the hands of FdI, which has stronger roots in southern Italy. Despite declining support in the polls, Salvini is unlikely to withdraw support for the government before 2022. With Draghi in power, Italy’s influence on fiscal reforms at the EU level will be stronger.

FISCAL AFTERSHOCKS: TAXES AND CATASTROPHES IN CHILEAN HISTORY

ABSTRACT Socio-natural disasters remain underexplored events in economic history, even though they stress societies in several ways and are known for their relationship with institutional change. In this paper, we explore this issue showing that major earthquakes in Chile have become a window of opportunity for important fiscal reforms. Our findings indicate that there are two mechanisms to explain this relationship: first, reconstruction demands greater state expenditure and intervention; and second, the emergence of narratives that justify these reforms, such as patriotism and solidarity. However, data show that in the case of Chile, changes following disasters have had little impact on the overall tax structure of the country, and the historical preference for indirect taxes has been maintained, with limited power to impose taxes on high-income groups.

Lebanon’s economy has further to fall

Significance The central bank has struggled to address a deep financial crisis that, exacerbated by COVID-19, has impoverished a whole population. In addition to complex exchange controls, it has set banks an end-February deadline to increase their capital, after wealthy stakeholders successfully resisted an earlier proposed ‘bail-in’ of depositors to resolve structural losses. Impacts The IMF will await results of a stalled central bank audit before considering a financial support package -- also requiring fiscal reforms. There is minimal chance that an effective, reformist government will be formed. In the absence of any clear direction from above, social tensions will likely see a sharp and violent increase.