Landscape and Settlement Patterns on the Al Madam Plain (Sharjah, EAU) during the Iron Age

2018 ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Carmen del Cerro Linares
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Settlement Patterns

Changes in regional settlement patterns in Cappadocia (central Turkey) since the Neolithic: a combined site survey perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 33-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Lee Allcock ◽  
Neil Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Regional Settlement ◽  
Central Turkey

AbstractMore than 50 years of archaeological survey work carried out in Cappadocia in central Turkey has produced a number of important contributions to the understanding of long-term settlement histories. This article synthesises and critically evaluates the results of three field surveys conducted in Cappadocia which recorded material remains dating from the Early Holocene through to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. Results from the combined Cappadocia surveys reveal temporal patterns over the longue durée that include a lack of detectable pre-Neolithic occupation and important exploitation of obsidian as a raw material during the Neolithic. There was growth and expansion of settlement during the later Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, a steady continuation of settlement during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, followed by rupture in settlement at the end of the Bronze Age. A new phase of settlement expansion began during the Iron Age and continued through Hellenistic and Roman times. This in turn was disrupted during the Byzantine period, which is associated with increased numbers of fortified sites. The succeeding long cycle of settlement began in Seljuk times and continued through to the end of the Ottoman period. Comparison with systematic archaeological site surveys in the adjacent regions of Paphlagonia and Konya shows some differences in settlement patterns, but overall broad sim¬ilarities indicate a coherent trajectory of settlement across central Anatolia over the last ten millennia.

Cemeteries and Settlement Patterns of the Iron Age on the Yorkshire Wolds

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 437-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Dent
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Essential Requirement

The Yorkshire Wolds hold an air of mystery for students of the Iron Age. As is well known these chalk hills lie at the heart of the largest group of Early Iron Age burials in Britain, the ‘Arras Culture’, so-called after the first and richest cemetery to be excavated (fig. 1; Stead 1979). Although these burials are often quoted in general discussions and formed an important piece of evidence in the ‘invasion controversy’, it is only in the last few years that up to date illustrations of the material have begun to appear in textbooks (Cunliffe 1978; Champion 1979) following the publication of interim excavation reports (Brewster 1976; Stead 1977). Little is known of the settlements which these cemeteries served and even less is published. The present paper is an attempt to trace settlement patterns by an examination of the funerary material in conjunction with the domestic evidence which was found in the very large-scale excavations in Garton and Wetwang Slacks (Brewster 1981; Dent 1982).A heavy funerary bias in the material is further exaggerated because the distinctive square-plan barrows of the ‘Arras Culture’ are readily identifiable from the air whereas settlement can rarely be dated without excavation. Many hundreds of barrows are now known in this way (Ramm 1973; 1974; Loughlin and Miller 1979) and all but the most recently excavated have been catalogued (Stead 1979). An essential requirement for a discussion of these is the ability to date the material involved, either in absolute or in relative terms. It would be useful if distinctive groups could be recognized among the pottery from these sites since the metalwork is rare in domestic contexts, whereas even poor sites usually produce some sherds. Unfortunately there is virtually no decorated pottery and the plain jars which are found in graves cannot at present be used as a basis for a chronology. It is the metalwork which presents the best opportunity for such a classification.

scholarly journals Recintos fortificados en época visigoda: historia, arquitectura y técnica constructiva (PROVA)

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Sociopolitical Organization ◽  
Political Complexity ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
The One ◽  
Urban Sites

Desde el año 2016, el Ayuntamiento de Riba-roja de Túria y el Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC) desarrollan en el término municipal de dicha localidad un ambicioso proyecto de estudio de la Antigüedad Tardía y Visigoda. Este volumen pretende aportar nuevos datos al conocimiento histórico y técnico de las fortificaciones de las nuevas «ciudades» en los albores de la Edad Media. Con ello las instituciones promotoras del actual proyecto de investigación manifiestan su interés por la generación y la difusión del conocimiento del patrimonio visigodo de Riba-roja de Túria. En el periodo examinado, el medio milenio 400-900, Hispania, antigua provincia del Imperio romano occidental, se convirtió en al-Ándalus. Entre medio, entre la urbs y la medina, entre la villa y la alquería, los asentamientos fueron cambiando. Sin embargo, los datos históricos son escasos y predominan los episodios bélicos y de alta política. Además, hasta hace poco, la arqueología no ha sido muy explícita, por escasa y discontinua, excepto en algunos yacimientos. El gran recinto fortificado de València la Vella. Es un nuevo asentamiento fortificado de casi 5 hectáreas sobre un promontorio elevado sobre el río Turia y fundamental para reconstruir la historia del territorio valenciano entre los siglos VI y VIII. Los nuevos datos señalan un urbanismo monumental y planificado, más allá de un simple castrum o castellum con meras funciones defensivas. Los capítulos de esta publicación recorren los 500 años que van del 400 al 900, cuando surgieron nuevos asentamientos fortificados. The result is the thirteen contributions that make up this book, one of which is a theoretical reflection written by the editors on the concept of the city, while the rest focus on territories, sites or specific questions. The reader will find in this volume a compendium of research relating to the formation and development of cities in Iberia and south-eastern Gaul. From the mid-first millennium BC, the peoples living in this area of the western Mediterranean developed settlement patterns based on the existence of urban sites, that probably emerged in response to population growth, technological development and increasing social complexity. However, there are considerable regional differences with regard to the chronology of these processes, as well as the nature of the emerging settlement patterns, including the size and shape of the urban sites. In some regions, the urban phenomenon appeared very late and was clearly less developed. This indicates the existence of a variety of forms of sociopolitical organization and particular historical processes within the general demographic increase and growing social and political complexity in the study area during the Iron Age. The aim of the articles selected for inclusion in this volume is to reflect this dichotomy: on the one hand, the generalization of the urban phenomenon and, on the other, the different solutions that arose in particular regional contexts.

The Syro-Anatolian City-States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
City States ◽  
Cultural Mobility ◽  
Lines Of Evidence ◽  
Northeast Corner ◽  
Modern Nation State

This book presents a new model for the kingdoms that clustered around the northeast corner of the Mediterranean Sea during the Iron Age, ca. 1200–600 BCE. Rather than presenting them as an ancient version of the modern nation-state, characterized by homogenous ethnolinguistic communities like “the Aramaeans” or “the Luwians” living in neatly bounded territories, this book presents these polities as being fundamentally diverse and variable, distinguished by demographic fluidity and cultural mobility. This conclusion is reached via an examination of a host of evidentiary sources, including site plans, settlement patterns, visual arts, and historical sources. Together, these lines of evidence lead to the awareness that this time and place consisted of a complex fusion of cultural traditions that is nevertheless distinctly recognizable unto itself. This book thus proposes a new term to encapsulate that diversity: the Syro-Anatolian Culture Complex.

Iron Age landscape and society The settlement patterns

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Rippon
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Early Edition ◽  
East Midlands ◽  
Peripheral Area ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
Middle Iron Age

That the character of settlement across Iron Age Britain was far from uniform is well known, although Hawkes’ (1931, fig. 1) plotting of the distribution of hillforts was not expanded upon for many years, with key studies such as Harding’s (1974) The Iron Age in Lowland Britain and the early edition of Cunliffe’s (1974) Iron Age Communities in Britain lacking distribution maps of settlement types. Cunliffe’s (1978, fig. 16.2; 1991, fig. 20.6; 2005, fig. 4.3) eventual mapping of four settlement character areas across Britain was therefore a seminal piece of work, although the whole of eastern England fell within a single zone characterized by ‘villages and open settlements’, while Bradley (2007, fig. 5.14) suggested that eastern England was a landscape of ‘open and wandering settlements’ (Fig. 3.1). In contrast, Hill (1999; 2007) has suggested that while the East Midlands and his ‘northern Anglia’ (Norfolk and northern Suffolk) were characterized by clusters of agglomerated settlements and large ‘open villages’, parts of his ‘southern Anglia’ (i.e. what is referred to here as the Northern Thames Basin) has ‘little evidence for densely settled communities’ in the Middle Iron Age. He suggested instead that the ‘apparently empty areas’ in ‘southern Anglia’ were ‘probably exploited economically and agriculturally in a much less intensive manner by relatively few permanent settlements . . . and, especially, by people visiting them’ (Hill 2007, 22). Hill’s (2007) view that ‘southern Anglia’ was a sparsely settled and peripheral area has not, however, stood the test of time and what is in fact striking is just how much Iron Age settlement has been discovered there through recent developmentled archaeological work. The most intensively investigated area, at Stansted Airport and the nearby new A120, for example, comprised a landscape littered with small enclosed farmsteads consisting of one or two roundhouses associated with a small number of four-post granaries (Havis and Brooks 2004; Timby et al. 2007a; Cooke et al. 2008). The character of these settlements is clearly suggestive of permanent occupation, while their density suggests that this was far from an empty landscape that was seasonally exploited by outsiders.

Pits and Post-holes in the British Early Iron Age: some alternative explanations

1971 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Ellison ◽  
Peter Drewett
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Social Anthropology ◽  
Burial Practices ◽  
Type Site ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Post Hole ◽  
Ways Of Life

From ethnography and social anthropology ‘the prehistorian learns how particular peoples adapt themselves to their environments, and shape their resources to the ways of life demanded by their own cultures: he thus gains a knowledge of alternate methods of solving problems and often of alternative ways of explaining artefacts resembling those he recovers in antiquity. Study of ethnography will not as a rule … give him straight answers to his queries. What it will do is to provide him with hypotheses in the light of which he can resume his attack on the raw materials of his study’ (Clark, 1957, 172). Such a controlled use of ethnographic parallels has recently been applied successfully in the spheres of art and burial practices (e.g. Ucko, 1969, 262 and references there cited) but not as yet to the study of prehistoric settlement patterns or economy. In this paper it is hoped to show how the consideration of ethnographic parallels can help us to reach some possible alternative interpretations of two classes of excavated evidence: the pits and the two-, four-, five- and six-post-hole structures found mainly on Lowland Zone Iron Age settlements in Britain. These, usually interpreted in the literature as storage pits, ‘drying-racks’ and ‘granaries’ have been taken to be characteristic features of the ‘Woodbury Type’ economy of the earlier pre-Roman Iron Age in the Lowland Zone (Piggott, 1958, 3–4 and Bowen, 1969, 13–5), bearing in mind that ‘the type site must be clearly distinguished from the economy, and the economy itself seems to have been as variable as possible within the rather narrow Iron Age technical limits, (Bowen, 1969, 13).

scholarly journals Lost Landscape: A Combination of LiDAR and APSFR Data to Locate and Contextualize Archaeological Sites in River Environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 3506
Author(s):  
Esther Rodríguez González ◽  
Pablo Paniego Díaz ◽  
Sebastián Celestino Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Human Settlement ◽  
Guadiana Basin ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Historical Periods

Over the last few decades, river landscapes have been significantly transformed as a result of increased human impact. This transformation is evident in areas such as the middle Guadiana basin, where the impact of both agricultural and hydraulic infrastructures has led to the decontextualization of archaeological sites, resulting in a disconnection between archaeological sites and their own physical environment. In order to analyse the location and geographic contexts of sites from the first Iron Age in the middle Guadiana basin and to detect the existence of human settlement patterns, we designed a methodological approach that combines LiDAR and APSFR data (areas with potential significant flood risk). The main purpose of this method is to detect flood areas and assess the relationship between them and archaeological sites. The result allowed us to obtain a clearer understanding of these societies, their knowledge of the physical environment, and the causes and reasons behind their occupation of certain sites. The validation of the results demonstrated the versatility of this methodological approach, which can be extrapolated to analysing other regions and historical periods.

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