Using Information Display Characteristics to Provide Decision Guidance in a Choice Task under Conditions of Strict Uncertainty

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
William N. Dilla ◽  
Paul John Steinbart
Keyword(s):  
Decision Maker ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Economic Exchange ◽  
Information Display ◽  
Organizational Policies ◽  
Information Provider ◽  
Tabular Format ◽  
Preferential Choice ◽  
Decision Guidance

This paper investigates the effects of two display characteristics on decisions in a preferential choice task under conditions of strict uncertainty. Participants receiving information in tabular format (n = 83) made fewer compensatory choices, more maximin choices, and selected dominated alternatives more often when outcome distributions were described in terms of a midpoint and variability rather than minimum and maximum values. In contrast, participants given data in a graphical format (n = 80) made more compensatory choices with midpoint-variability than with min-max graphs. Participants given information in graphical format selected fewer dominated alternatives than did participants who received the same information in tabular format. These findings have important policy implications. While it may be desirable to use display characteristics to influence employees to make decisions consistent with organizational policies, the desirability of providing such “persuasive” decision guidance is problematic in settings where the information provider and the decision maker are independent parties to an economic exchange.

Information Displays and Decision Processes

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don N. Kleinmuntz ◽  
David A. Schkade
Keyword(s):  
Decision Maker ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Adaptive Mechanism ◽  
Decision Strategies ◽  
Information Display ◽  
Decision Aiding ◽  
Information Displays

Information displays influence decision processes by facilitating some decision strategies while hindering others. Component characteristics of displays, such as the form, organization, and sequence of information, influence decision processes through an adaptive mechanism whereby a decision maker balances the desire to maximize accuracy against the desire to minimize effort. Variations in the information display lead to changes in the anticipated effort and anticipated accuracy of each available strategy and, therefore, provide an incentive for decision makers to use different decision processes. Research in this area can provide guidance regarding the use of displays and other decision-aiding approaches.

Household Labor Economics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-André Chiappori ◽  
Costas Meghir
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Labor Economics ◽  
Household Labor ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
The Family ◽  
Research Collection ◽  
Unitary Model

This Research Collection surveys the main contribution to labor supply decisions within the family. It covers both theory, from the initial ‘unitary’ model that postulates that the family behaves as a single decision maker, to modern ‘collective’ approaches that concentrates on differences in preferences and power relationships and empirical applications. Including an original Introduction by the Editors, a special emphasis is placed on dynamic approaches, in particular issues related to intra-household commitment, and on policy implications.

scholarly journals Family Presence in Long-Term Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Call to Action for Policy, Practice, and Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-339
Author(s):  
Susan. M. Tupper ◽  
Heather Ward ◽  
Jasneet Parmar
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Family Presence ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Organizational Policies ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
The Impact

Family presence in long-term care (LTC) homes is crucial for meeting the health, psychosocial, and practical needs of residents. Initially during the COVID-19 pandemic, visitation restrictions essentially locked-out families as public health orders prioritized prevention of harm from spread of infection. Although telephone and technology-assisted communication with families was encouraged, many residents were unable to participate. The outcry from families on the injustice of disruption of family units and emerging reports of harms arising from prolonged restrictions highlight the need for provincial and organizational policies to recognize the impact of resident and family separation on well-being. In this commentary we describe family caregiving, review the impact of visitation restrictions on residents, families, and LTC staff, and provide a resident- and family-oriented perspective on policy implications that challenge the outdated notion that extreme restrictions to family presence protect resident health.

Key Army Decision Maker Concerns about Training Performance Measurement and Assessment

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1251-1255
Author(s):  
Dee H. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measurement ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Delphi Technique ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Policy Capturing ◽  
Training Performance ◽  
Army Training ◽  
The Future

This study explored an area of Army training performance measurement and assessment (PMA) which has apparently not been examined. It provides an understanding about Army training PMA requirements and uses, and reveals a number of PMA issues which should be more closely examined in the future. The methodology adapted for the study combined elements of Policy Capturing Analysis with elements of Policy Implications Analysis and the Delphi Technique.

scholarly journals Value Certainty in Drift-Diffusion Models of Preferential Choice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Lee ◽  
Marius Usher
Keyword(s):  
Decision Maker ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Preferential Choice ◽  
Sequential Samples ◽  
Binary Choices

Decision models such as the drift-diffusion model (DDM) are widely used and broadly accepted for their ability to account remarkably well for binary choices between perceptual hypotheses about a stimulus or for preferential decisions between valued options (such as snacks or consumer products), and for their response time (RT) distributions, as a function of the stimulus or the option values. The DDM is built on an evidence accumulation to bound concept, where, in the value domain, a decision maker repeatedly samples the mental representations of the values of the options on offer until satisfied that there is enough evidence in favor of one option over the other. As the value signals that drive the DDM evidence are derived from value estimates that are not known to the decision maker with certainty, repeated sequential samples are necessary to average out noise. The classic DDM typically does not allow for different options to have different levels of variability in their value representations. However, recent value-based decision studies have shown that decision makers often report levels of certainty regarding value estimates that vary across choice options. There is therefore a need to extend the DDM to include an option-specific value certainty component. We present several such DDM extensions and validate them against empirical data from four previous studies. The data supports best a DDM version in which the drift of the accumulation is based on a sort of signal-to-noise ratio of value for each option (rather than a mere accumulation of samples from the corresponding value distributions). This DDM variant accounts for the positive impact of value certainty on choice consistency and for the negative impact of value certainty on RT.

scholarly journals Impact of Policy Interventions on Postoperative Opioid Prescribing

Pain Medicine ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1212-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D MacLean ◽  
Mayo Fujii ◽  
Thomas P Ahern ◽  
Peter Holoch ◽  
Ruby Russell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Center ◽  
Academic Medical Center ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
Surgical Specialty ◽  
Organizational Policies ◽  
Opioid Prescribing ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Observational Study Design

Abstract Objective To assess postoperative opioid prescribing in response to state and organizational policy changes. Methods We used an observational study design at an academic medical center in the Northeast United States over a time during which there were two important influences: 1) implementation of state rules regarding opioid prescribing and 2) changes in organization policies reflecting evolving standards of care. Results were summarized at the surgical specialty and procedure level and compared between baseline (July–December 2016) and postrule (July–December 2017) periods. Results We analyzed data from 17,937 procedures from July 2016 to December 2017, two-thirds of which were outpatient. Schedule II opioids were prescribed in 61% of cases and no opioids at all in 28%. The median morphine milligram equivalent (MME) prescribed at discharge decreased 40%, from 113 MME in the baseline period to 68 MME in the postrule period. Decreases were seen across all the surgical specialties. Conclusions Postoperative opioid prescribing at the time of hospital discharge decreased between 2016 and 2017 in the setting of targeted and replicable state and health care organizational policies. Policy Implications Policies governing the use of opioids are an effective and adoptable approach to reducing opioid prescribing following surgery.

Assessing the Link Between Perception and Production in Cantonese Tone Acquisition

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1243-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Pik Ki Mok ◽  
Holly Sze Ho Fung ◽  
Vivian Guo Li
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
General Principle ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Tone Pair ◽  
Tone Production ◽  
Monosyllabic Words ◽  
Early Production ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
Production Accuracy

Purpose Previous studies showed early production precedes late perception in Cantonese tone acquisition, contrary to the general principle that perception precedes production in child language. How tone production and perception are linked in 1st language acquisition remains largely unknown. Our study revisited the acquisition of tone in Cantonese-speaking children, exploring the possible link between production and perception in 1st language acquisition. Method One hundred eleven Cantonese-speaking children aged between 2;0 and 6;0 (years;months) and 10 adolescent reference speakers participated in tone production and perception experiments. Production materials with 30 monosyllabic words were transcribed in filtered and unfiltered conditions by 2 native judges. Perception accuracy was based on a 2-alternative forced-choice task with pictures covering all possible tone pair contrasts. Results Children's accuracy of production and perception of all the 6 Cantonese tones was still not adultlike by age 6;0. Both production and perception accuracies matured with age. A weak positive link was found between the 2 accuracies. Mother's native language contributed to children's production accuracy. Conclusions Our findings show that production and perception abilities are associated in tone acquisition. Further study is needed to explore factors affecting production accuracy in children. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7960826

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