Infections Due to Staphylococci

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis L. Stevens ◽  
Sarah E Hobdey
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Staphylococcal Infections ◽  
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Staphylococci are nonsporulating, nonmotile, gram-positive cocci that have an average diameter of 1 µm. Microscopically, staphylococci tend to be larger and rounder than streptococci. Because cell division occurs on three planes, these organisms are typically found in grapelike clusters and tetrads, as well as in pairs and sometimes in short chains. Staphylococci are very hardy organisms and can withstand much more physical and chemical stress than pneumococci and streptococci. Because staphylococci are facultative anaerobes, they will grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. Staphylococci are catalase positive. Of the species of staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus is by far the most important human pathogen. This review covers the epidemiology and pathogenesis of S. aureus, clinical infections associated with S. aureus, treatment of staphylococcal infections, and staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. Clinically important coagulase-negative staphylococci such as S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus are also discussed. Tables list antibiotic treatment for staphylococcal infections, clinical manifestations of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, and antibiotic treatment for staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. This review contains 3 figures, 6 tables, and 54 references. Key words: Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcal infections; Coagulase-negative staphylococci; Skin and soft tissue infections; S. aureus bacteremia; MRSA; Methicillin-resistant S. aureus; Toxic shock syndrome

Superantigen genes encoded by the egc cluster and SaPIbov are predominant among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows, goats, sheep, rabbits and poultry

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davida S Smyth ◽  
Patrick J Hartigan ◽  
William J Meaney ◽  
J Ross Fitzgerald ◽  
Claudia F Deobald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin ◽  
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Encoding Genes

In recent years several new staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) have been described, which currently have largely unknown frequencies of occurrence and roles in human or animal disease. One hundred and ninety-one Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows (99), goats (39), sheep (23), rabbits (15), chickens (15) and a cat (1) were screened for SE genes sea–see, seg–seo and seq and for the tst gene encoding staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 using multiplex PCRs and individual PCRs for the seb and sek genes. One hundred and ten isolates tested positive for at least one of these 16 superantigen (SAg)-encoding genes. There were statistically significant differences in the frequencies of some of these SAg genes between isolates from different animals. No strain possessed either the sea or see gene. The sec gene was present in 51 isolates, the sed gene in eight and the seb gene in one. The seh gene was found in four strains and the sek and seq genes together in one isolate. The most common combinations of genes were the egc cluster, bearing the seg, sei, sem, sen and seo genes, in 47 isolates, the sec, sel and tst gene combination typical of the SaPIbov pathogenicity island in 44 isolates, the egc cluster lacking the seg gene in 11 isolates, the sed and sej genes in nine isolates, and the sec and tst genes without the sel gene in seven isolates. The higher frequencies of the sec and tst genes together and the lower frequencies of the egc gene cluster among the SAg gene-positive sheep or goat isolates compared to bovine isolates were statistically significant. Of 36 bovine isolates that were mitogenic for human T lymphocytes, four were negative for the 16 SAg genes tested for, while a further 14 gave borderline results in the mitogenicity assay, 12 of which were SAg gene-negative. Twenty-nine strains lacking all the SAg genes did not induce T-cell proliferation. This survey indicates that novel SE genes seg, sei, sel, sem, sen and seo along with the sec and tst genes predominate in S. aureus from animal hosts. The mitogenicity assays indicate that further uncharacterized SAgs may be present in bovine isolates.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus Exotoxins Are Present In Vivo in Tampons

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 722-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Schlievert ◽  
Kimberly A. Nemeth ◽  
Catherine C. Davis ◽  
Marnie L. Peterson ◽  
Bruce E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Menstrual Blood ◽  
Alpha Toxin ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Inflammatory Protein ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

ABSTRACT Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) is the cause of menstrual toxic shock syndrome (mTSS) associated with vaginal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. In this pilot study, we measured TSST-1 and alpha-toxin, another exotoxin, on used tampons from four healthy women with S. aureus on tampons and from two women with tampon-associated mTSS. Tampons from all six women were sectioned into approximately 0.5-cm3 pieces, some containing menstrual blood and some lacking menstrual blood. The pH of tampon sections with or without menstrual blood was neutral. S. aureus CFU were present in tampon sections at approximately equivalent counts (total counts were 1 × 108 to 2 × 109 CFU/tampon). TSST-1 (2 to 80 μg/tampon) and alpha-toxin (28 to 30 μg/tampon) were present only in the sections containing little or no menstrual blood (low hemoglobin density). In the tampons from TSS patients, the cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ) was detected only in menstrual-blood-containing sections, whereas the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein 3α and interleukin-8 were detected in all sections. Thus, IFN-γ was being produced systemically, whereas the chemokines were being produced both locally by epithelial cells and systemically. The data show that S. aureus exotoxins can be identified in tampons ex vivo in sites with low hemoglobin density.

Streptococcal and staphylococcal infections

2019 ◽  
pp. 373-376
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Staphylococcal Infections ◽  
Group A ◽  
Genitourinary Medicine ◽  
Group B ◽  
In Pregnancy

Streptococcal and staphylococcal infections provides an overview of the pathology, relevant to genitourinary medicine, caused by these common bacteria. Each section gives a broad overview of the carriage and transmission of streptococci and staphylococci in the human host followed by information on genital infections. The section on streptococci contains information on Group A and Group B beta haemolytic streptococci and includes specific information pertaining to Group B beta haemolytic streptococci in pregnancy. The section on staphylococci concentrates on Staphylococcus aureus and includes specific information on, Panton–Valentine leucocidin-positive (PVL) infection, as well as the presentation, aetiology, and management of toxic shock syndrome (TSS).

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus Infections in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit: Illustrated Cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Kam Lun Hon ◽  
Ronald C. M. Fung ◽  
Karen K. Y. Leung ◽  
Alexander K.C. Leung ◽  
Wun Fung Hui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Paediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Short Gut Syndrome ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Staphylococcal Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is known to be one of the most common gram-positive microorganisms and an important pathogen associated with sepsis and toxic shock. We present four anonymized consecutive cases in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) to illustrate the different clinical manifestations of staphylococcal infections, including local infection versus systemic infection, toxic shock versus septic shock, and osteomyelitis. Eczema, short gut syndrome, and scald injury may be associated. Haematologic and coagulopathic abnormalities may be present. Prompt diagnosis and use of appropriate antimicrobial treatments is essential to reducing mortality and morbidity associated with staphylococcal infections.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus toxic shock syndrome

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Walden ◽  
Hughes Harriet ◽  
Mubarak Alyaqoobi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Atypical staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 642-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
WES TYSON ◽  
DAVID F. WENSLEY ◽  
JOHN D. ANDERSON ◽  
GRAHAM C. FRASER ◽  
ELIZABETH M. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

A rare case of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome after abdominoplasty

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
R JARRAHY ◽  
J ROOSTAEIAN ◽  
M KAUFMAN ◽  
C CRISERA ◽  
J FESTEKJIAN
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document