Neurobiology of Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marissa Elizabeth Maheu ◽  
Joseph Hunter Howie ◽  
Kerry James Ressler
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Genomic Studies

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder are precipitated by exposure to one or more traumatic events, and result in debilitating fear-related symptoms. Advances made over the past several years have greatly improved our understanding of these disorders, as well as the neurobiological and genetic factors that contribute to their emergence and progression. In this review, we provide an overview of this research, with a particular focus on recent developments in understanding the neurocircuitry underlying relevant aspects of fear learning, including acquisition, generalization, and the extinction of fear. Molecular regulators of stress response and candidate genes implicated in PTSD are also discussed. Although there remains a great deal to learn about these disorders, novel approaches, large-scale genomic studies, and new molecular techniques promise to help untangle the neurobiology of trauma- and stressor-related illness over the coming years. This review contains 3 figures, 3 tables and 56 references Key words: Posttraumatic stress disorder, fear, genetics, GWAS, HPA stress response, neurocircuitry models of trauma, generalization, extinction learning.

scholarly journals Efficacy and Underlying Mechanism of Acupuncture in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1575
Author(s):  
Chan-Young Kwon ◽  
Boram Lee ◽  
Sang-Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Expectancy Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Mechanisms

Acupuncture is a nonpharmacological intervention that can be useful in the clinical management of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), especially in situations with a lack of medical resources, including large-scale PTSD events such as disasters. Some clinical studies have reported the clinical effect of acupuncture in improving PTSD symptoms, but the underlying therapeutic mechanism has yet to be explored. Therefore, this review summarized the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of acupuncture in animal PTSD models. A comprehensive search was conducted in 14 electronic databases, and two independent researchers performed study selection, data extraction, and the methodological quality assessment. Twenty-four relevant studies were included in this review and summarized according to the proposed main mechanisms. In behavioral evaluation, acupuncture, including manual acupuncture and electro-acupuncture, reduced anxiety and fear responses and weakened fear conditioning, improved sleep architecture, reduced depressive symptoms, and alleviated disturbance of spatial learning and memory of PTSD animal models. The therapeutic mechanisms of acupuncture proposed in the included studies could be classified into two categories: (1) regulation of stress responses in the neuroendocrine system and (2) promotion of neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity in several brain areas. However, the methodological quality of the included animal studies was not high enough to produce robust evidence. In addition, mechanistic studies on specific aspects of acupuncture that may affect PTSD, including expectancy effects, in human PTSD subjects are also needed.

scholarly journals Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Adjustment Disorder in Lithuanian Healthcare in 2018–2020: A Nation-Wide Cohort Study of the Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1422
Author(s):  
Evaldas Kazlauskas ◽  
Odeta Gelezelyte ◽  
Auguste Nomeikaite ◽  
Paulina Zelviene
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
National Healthcare

Multiple empirical studies have revealed significant pandemic effects of COVID-19 on mental health in various populations. This study aimed to analyze the incidences of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and adjustment disorder (AjD) in national healthcare in 2018–2020 in one of the European countries—Lithuania—and estimate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on PTSD and AjD incidences in 2020. The national healthcare registry was used for estimations of diagnosis of PTSD, AjD, and major depressive disorder (MD). The study revealed that stress-related disorders PTSD and AjD are diagnosed rarely, resulting in a considerable gap between the expected prevalence and incidences of these diagnoses in healthcare in Lithuania. Moreover, a significant decline in mental disorders incidence in healthcare in 2020, in comparison to 2018 and 2019, was found, revealing that the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on access to healthcare services and increased barriers for mental disorders treatment. The study indicates that major developments in building up knowledge about the effects of trauma and life stressors on mental health are needed in Lithuania and other countries to increase awareness about stress-related disorders and improve care for trauma survivors, in particular in the context of the pandemics or other large-scale disasters.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Aspects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 77-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Schmidt ◽  
Florian Holsboer ◽  
Theo Rein
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Adverse Life Events ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Covalent Modifications ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
And Control

Development of psychiatric diseases such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) invokes, as with most complex diseases, both genetic and environmental factors. The era of genome-wide high throughput technologies has sparked the initiation of genotype screenings in large cohorts of diseased and control individuals, but had limited success in identification of disease causing genetic variants. It has become evident that these efforts at the genomic level need to be complemented with endeavours in elucidating the proteome, transcriptome and epigenetic profiles. Epigenetics is attractive in particular because there is accumulating evidence that the lasting impact of adverse life events is reflected in certain covalent modifications of the chromatin.In this review, we outline the characteristics of PTSD as a stress-related disease and survey recent developments revealing epigenetic aspects of stress-related disorders in general. There is also increasing direct evidence for gene programming and epigenetic components in PTSD. Finally, we discuss treatment options in the light of recent discoveries of epigenetic mechanisms of psychotropic drugs.

scholarly journals The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Workgroup: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Enters the Age of Large-Scale Genomic Collaboration

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 2287-2297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W Logue ◽  
Ananda B Amstadter ◽  
Dewleen G Baker ◽  
Laramie Duncan ◽  
Karestan C Koenen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stress Disorder

Overview of Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Black
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Reactive Attachment Disorder ◽  
Adjustment Disorders ◽  
Attachment Disorder ◽  
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder ◽  
Reactive Attachment

The chapter “Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders” is new to DSM-5 and includes two disorders that begin in childhood (reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders. In each condition, the individual has been exposed to a traumatic or stressful event or, in the case of the childhood conditions, early social neglect. The disorders are briefly reviewed, and interested readers are referred to reviews on PTSD and adjustment disorders.  This review contains 5 tables, and 28 references. Key words: acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), reactive attachment disorder, stressors, trauma 

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document