Screening for Diabetes Mellitus in Adults: The utility of random capillary blood glucose measurements

Diabetes Care ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Engelgau ◽  
T. J. Thompson ◽  
P. J. Smith ◽  
W. H. Herman ◽  
R. E. Aubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Capillary Blood Glucose

scholarly journals Safe threshold of capillary blood glucose for predicting early future neonatal hypoglycaemia in babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus, an observational, retrospective cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther H. G. Park ◽  
Frances O’Brien ◽  
Fiona Seabrook ◽  
Jane Elizabeth Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Capillary Blood Glucose ◽  
Neonatal Hypoglycaemia

Abstract Background There is increasing pressure to get women and babies home rapidly after birth. Babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) currently get 24-h inpatient monitoring. We investigated whether a low-risk group of babies born to mothers with GDM could be defined for shorter inpatient hypoglycaemia monitoring. Methods Observational, retrospective cohort study conducted in a tertiary maternity hospital in 2018. Singleton, term babies born to women with GDM and no other risk factors for hypoglycaemia, were included. Capillary blood glucose (BG) testing and clinical observations for signs of hypoglycaemia during the first 24-h after birth. BG was checked in all babies before the second feed. Subsequent testing occurred if the first result was < 2.0 mmol/L, or clinical suspicion developed for hypoglycaemia. Neonatal hypoglycaemia, defined as either capillary or venous glucose ≤ 2.0 mmol/L and/or clinical signs of neonatal hypoglycaemia requiring oral or intravenous dextrose (lethargy, abnormal feeding behaviour or seizures). Results Fifteen of 106 babies developed hypoglycaemia within the first 24-h. Maternal and neonatal characteristics were not predictive. All babies with hypoglycaemia had an initial capillary BG ≤ 2.6 mmol/L (Area under the ROC curve (AUC) 0.96, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.91–1.0). This result was validated on a further 65 babies, of whom 10 developed hypoglycaemia, in the first 24-h of life. Conclusion Using the 2.6 mmol/L threshold, extended monitoring as an inpatient could have been avoided for 60% of babies in this study. Whilst prospective validation is needed, this approach could help tailor postnatal care plans for babies born to mothers with GDM.

scholarly journals Nocturnal Hypoglycaemia in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Database Analysis of a Cohort Using Telemedicine Support for Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose over a 10-Year-Long Period

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Gyorgy Jermendy ◽  
Agnes Kecskes ◽  
Attila Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Nocturnal Hypoglycaemia ◽  
Capillary Blood Glucose ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Support Materials ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Background and Objectives: In patients with diabetes mellitus, hypoglycaemic episodes, especially during night hours, carry a significant risk. Data about the occurrence of nocturnal hypoglycaemia in real-world settings are of clinical importance. The aim of our study was to evaluate the occurrence of nocturnal hypoglycaemia among patients with diabetes using self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) with telemedicine support. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analysed the central database of an internet-based supportive system between 2010 and 2020 when 8190 SMBG users uploaded nearly 10 million capillary blood glucose values. Nocturnal hypoglycaemia was defined as capillary blood glucose < 3.0 mmol/L measured between 00:00 and 05:59 h. Results: The database contained 914,146 nocturnal blood glucose values from 7298 users; 24,623 (2.7%) glucose values were below the hypoglycaemic threshold and 2363 patients (32.4%) had at least one hypoglycaemic glucose value. Nocturnal hypoglycaemia was more often found in patients with type 1 vs. type 2 diabetes (n = 1890 (80.0%) vs. n = 387 (16.4%), respectively). Hypoglycaemic blood glucose values were most frequently observed in the age group of 10.0–19.9 years (n = 481 (20.4%)). Patients with nocturnal hypoglycaemia were mostly on insulin treatment (1854 (78.5%) patients with 20,727 (84.1%) hypoglycaemic glucose values). Only 356 patients (15.1%) with nocturnal hypoglycaemia performed a retest within 120 min. Within a one-day-long (1440 min) timeframe, the elapsed median time until a retest, yielding a safe blood glucose value (>3.9 mml/L), was 273 min (interquartile range: 157–300 min). Conclusions: Nocturnal hypoglycaemia should be considered as a persisting challenge to antihyperglycaemic treatment in patients living with diabetes. Continuous efforts are needed to improve both antihyperglycaemic treatment and patient education for preventing nocturnal hypoglycaemia, and to act adequately if hypoglycaemic values are detected.

scholarly journals Use of capillary blood glucose for screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in resource-constrained settings

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balaji Bhavadharini ◽  
Manni Mohanraj Mahalakshmi ◽  
Kumar Maheswari ◽  
Gunasekaran Kalaiyarasi ◽  
Ranjit Mohan Anjana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Capillary Blood Glucose ◽  
Resource Constrained

scholarly journals Comparative study of capillary blood glucose estimation by glucometer and venous plasma glucose estimation in women undergoing the one step Dipsi test (diabetes in pregnancy study group India) for screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepali S. Jadhav ◽  
Uma N. Wankhede
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Capillary Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Estimation ◽  
Screening And Diagnosis ◽  
Venous Plasma

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as carbohydrate intolerance of variable severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The importance of GDM is that two generations are at risk of developing diabetes in the future. Aim was to study the merits and demerits of capillary blood glucose estimation by glucometer over venous plasma glucose estimation while performing DIPSI test.Methods: It was a hospital based clinical study. 1000 patients were enrolled between 24-28 weeks of gestation and DIPSI test was performed. Patient was instructed to come irrespective of fasting. 75 g glucose dissolved in 200-400 ml of water and patient was asked to drink in 5 minutes. Venous blood was drawn after 2 hours, capillary blood sugar also was measured at the same time by glucometer.Results: Sensitivity of capillary blood sugar (CBS) method in detecting GDM is 100% as compared to venous plasma glucose (VPG) and specificity is 99.46% as compared to VPG. Considering the agreement between two methods for diagnosis of GDM, equal sensitivity of both methods and small number of false positive cases detected by CBS method, due to almost equal specificity (99.46%), CBS method by glucometer can be recommended as an alternative to VPG method as a screening and diagnostic test for GDM.Conclusions: It is appropriate and feasible to offer capillary blood sugar sampling by DIPSI test for screening and diagnosis of GDM. The prevalence of GDM in our study is 8% by capillary blood sugar sampling and 7.5% by venous plasma glucose sampling according to DIPSI test. 

scholarly journals Psychological problems related to capillary blood glucose testing and insulin injection among diabetes patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Rian Adi Pamungkas ◽  
Kanittha Chamroonsawasdi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Insulin Injection ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Capillary Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Testing ◽  
Blood Glucose Testing

AbstractObjectiveThis review is aimed at explaining the psychological problems related to capillary blood glucose (CBG) testing and insulin injection, as well as recommending essential strategies to solve the fear thereof.MethodsDatabases, including PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched to extract the relevant articles. Initially, the terms used to retrieve related studies were “fear of blood glucose monitoring”, “anxiety capillary blood glucose testing and insulin injection”, “psychological problems on blood glucose monitoring and insulin injection”, “diabetes management”, and “diabetes mellitus”.ResultsResults showed that the psychological problems related to CBG testing and insulin injection were associated with the stress and depression experienced during diabetes self-monitoring of blood glucose. This psychological issue has its impacts such as nonadherence to medication as well as a lack of self-discipline in terms of CBG testing and insulin injection. Inadequate information, inappropriate perception, and pain/discomfort during pricking of fingers were the main reasons for the psychological issues in CBG testing and self-injection of insulin.ConclusionsThe expected benefits of this review include the explanation of the issues related to the psychological problems in CBG testing and insulin injection among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This review article also provides the recommendations on providing counseling and empowering the patients on CBG monitoring and insulin injection. Moreover, family members should provide psychological support to reduce fear, anxiety, and distress arising from CBG testing and insulin injection.

scholarly journals Safe Threshold of Capillary Blood Glucose for Predicting Early Future Neonatal Hypoglycaemia in Babies Born to Mothers With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, an Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther H.G. Park ◽  
Frances O’Brien ◽  
Fiona Seabrook ◽  
Jane Elizabeth Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Capillary Blood Glucose ◽  
Neonatal Hypoglycaemia ◽  
Care Plans

Abstract Background: There is increasing pressure to get women and babies home rapidly after birth. Babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) currently get 24-hour inpatient monitoring. We investigated whether a low-risk group of babies born to mothers with GDM could be defined for shorter inpatient hypoglycaemia monitoring. Methods: Observational study conducted in a tertiary maternity hospital in 2018. Singleton, term infants born to women with GDM and no other risk factors for hypoglycaemia, were included. Capillary blood glucose (BG) testing and clinical observations for signs of hypoglycaemia during the first 24-hours after birth. BG was checked in all babies before the second feed. Subsequent testing occurred if the first result was <2.0mmol/L, or clinical suspicion developed for hypoglycaemia. Neonatal hypoglycaemia, defined as either capillary or venous glucose ≤2.0mmol/L and/or clinical signs of neonatal hypoglycaemia requiring oral or intravenous dextrose (lethargy, abnormal feeding behaviour or seizures). Results: Fifteen of 106 babies developed hypoglycaemia within the first 24-hours. Maternal and newborn characteristics were not predictive. All babies with hypoglycaemia had an initial capillary BG ≤2.6mmol/L (Area under the ROC curve (AUC) 0.96, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.91-1.0). This result was validated on a further 65 babies, of whom 10 developed hypoglycaemia, in the first 24-hours of life.Conclusions for practice: Using the 2.6mmol/L threshold, extended monitoring as an inpatient could have been avoided for 60% of newborns in this study. Whilst prospective validation is needed, this approach could help tailor postnatal care plans for babies born to mothers with GDM.

scholarly journals Hypoglycemia Caused by Endogenous Hyperinsulinism: A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-60
Author(s):  
Kiran Shah ◽  
Akshay Kothari ◽  
Ajay Bansode ◽  
Taher Aktar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Healthy Individual ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Capillary Blood Glucose ◽  
Excessive Sweating ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Glucose Water ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

Hypoglycemia in the absence of diabetes mellitus in a healthy individual needs’ evaluation. We report a case of 45 years old female who presented with restlessness, anxiety, palpitations, excessive sweating followed by dizziness, and tremors in her hand. Eating sugar or consuming glucose water alleviated symptoms. During one such episode, the patient was taken to a nearby clinic and her capillary blood glucose was 43 mg/dl. The patient was admitted for the 72 hours supervised fast after ruling out other systemic causes of hypoglycemia. Evaluation of critical sample showed elevated levels of insulin, c-peptide, proinsulin, as well as a decreased value of beta-hydroxybutyrate and a negative urine screen for oral anti-diabetic agents, a diagnosis of endogenous hyperinsulinism, was made.

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