scholarly journals Case-control studies false and true: Mislabeled study designs in rehabilitation research, and a master class in case-control study design

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-290
Author(s):  
M Dijkers
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Rehabilitation Research ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Do Case-Control Studies Always Estimate Odds Ratios?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy A Labrecque ◽  
Myriam M G Hunink ◽  
M Arfan Ikram ◽  
M Kamran Ikram
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Incidence Density ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Case-control studies are an important part of the epidemiologic literature, yet confusion remains about how to interpret estimates from different case-control study designs. We demonstrate that not all case-control study designs estimate odds ratios. On the contrary, case-control studies in the literature often report odds ratios as their main parameter even when using designs that do not estimate odds ratios. Only studies using specific case-control designs should report odds ratios, whereas the case-cohort and incidence-density sampled case-control studies must report risk ratio and incidence rate ratios, respectively. This also applies to case-control studies conducted in open cohorts, which often estimate incidence rate ratios. We also demonstrate the misinterpretation of case-control study estimates in a small sample of highly cited case-control studies in general epidemiologic and medical journals. We therefore suggest that greater care be taken when considering which parameter is to be reported from a case-control study.

scholarly journals Invited Commentary: Two-Phase, Generalized Case-Control Designs for Quantitative Longitudinal Outcomes and Evolution of the Case-Control Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 189 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-94
Author(s):  
W Dana Flanders
Keyword(s):  
Rare Disease ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Outcome Measurement ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Full Cohort ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The case-control study design has evolved substantially over the past half century. The design has long been recognized as a way to increase efficiency by studying fewer subjects than would be required for a full cohort study. Historically, it was thought that case-control studies required a rare disease assumption for valid risk ratio estimation, but it was later realized that rare disease was not necessary. Over time, the design and analysis methods were further modified to allow estimation of rate ratios or to allow each person to serve as his/her own control (as we see with case-cohort and case-crossover studies, for example). We now understand that efficiency can be increased through the use of outcome-dependent sampling not only for dichotomous outcomes but also for continuous outcomes in longitudinal studies with repeated outcome measurement during follow-up. In their accompanying paper, Schildcrout et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2019;000(00):000–000) contribute to our understanding, clearly summarizing many recent advances in study design and analyses that allow more general and efficient use of case-control studies. Their simulations demonstrate that improved efficiency is achieved with these methods when the goal is to estimate associations of exposure with trajectories and patterns of change over time. Here we comment on application of some of these generalized case-control methods to causal inference.

scholarly journals Adaptation of Chain Event Graphs for use with Case-Control Studies in Epidemiology

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Keeble ◽  
Peter Adam Thwaites ◽  
Stuart Barber ◽  
Graham Richard Law ◽  
Paul David Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Event Tree ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Case-control studies are used in epidemiology to try to uncover the causes of diseases, but are a retrospective study design known to suffer from non-participation and recall bias, which may explain their decreased popularity in recent years. Traditional analyses report usually only the odds ratio for given exposures and the binary disease status. Chain event graphs are a graphical representation of a statistical model derived from event trees which have been developed in artificial intelligence and statistics, and only recently introduced to the epidemiology literature. They are a modern Bayesian technique which enable prior knowledge to be incorporated into the data analysis using the agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm, used to form a suitable chain event graph. Additionally, they can account for missing data and be used to explore missingness mechanisms. Here we adapt the chain event graph framework to suit scenarios often encountered in case-control studies, to strengthen this study design which is time and financially efficient. We demonstrate eight adaptations to the graphs, which consist of two suitable for full case-control study analysis, four which can be used in interim analyses to explore biases, and two which aim to improve the ease and accuracy of analyses. The adaptations are illustrated with complete, reproducible, fully-interpreted examples, including the event tree and chain event graph. Chain event graphs are used here for the first time to summarise non-participation, data collection techniques, data reliability, and disease severity in case-control studies. We demonstrate how these features of a case-control study can be incorporated into the analysis to provide further insight, which can help to identify potential biases and lead to more accurate study results.

scholarly journals Determinant factors for the occurrence of tuberculosis after initiation of antiretroviral treatment among adult patients living with HIV at Dessie Referral Hospital, South Wollo, Northeast Ethiopia, 2020. A case-control study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248490
Author(s):  
Mehd Abdu ◽  
Yeshimebet Ali ◽  
Samuel Anteneh ◽  
Mohammed Yesuf ◽  
Adane Birhanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Dessie Referral Hospital ◽  
Control Study

Introduction Globally, tuberculosis takes the first rank for the ill-health of people living with HIV/AIDS. Despite the favorable outcome of antiretroviral therapy, the risk of tuberculosis remains higher among HIV patients. This obliges to identify factors for its occurrence and further prevention of drug-resistant tuberculosis. There is a contradiction between different studies and studies conducted in Ethiopia studied poorly the association between adherence to antiretroviral therapy and viral load with tuberculosis. Studies conducted in the study area were limited to cross-sectional study design. Therefore, this study claimed to identify factors determining the occurrence of tuberculosis after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Methods This study was conducted at Dessie Referral Hospital by using a case-control study design on a sample of 565 with a control: case ratio of 3:1. Participants from controls were selected by systematic random sampling and from cases by consecutive random sampling. The data were collected by interviewing through structured questionnaires and from the medical record. The data were entered into Epi data version 3.1. In the multivariable analysis, variables with a P-value of ≤0.05 were anticipated as independent determinant factors. Result Patients without separate kitchen (AOR: 3.547, 95% CI: 2.137, 5.888), having opportunistic infection (AOR: 3.728, 95% CI: 2.058, 6.753), CD4 count of <350 cells/mm3 (AOR: 3.383, 95% CI: 1.520, 7.528), baseline WHO stage III (AOR: 3.321, 95% CI: 1.688, 6.534) or IV (AOR: 2.900, 95% CI: 1.251, 6.722), don’t taking IPT (AOR: 3.701, 95% CI: 2.228, 6.147) and those who were poorly adherent (AOR: 2.626, 95% CI: 1.272, 5.423) or moderately adherent (AOR: 3.455, 95% CI: 1.885, 6.335) to anti-retroviral therapy were more likely to develop tuberculosis after anti-retroviral therapy initiation. Conclusion Poor housing conditions, having an opportunistic infection, low CD4 count, starting ART at the advanced HIV stage, don’t take IPT, and being poorly adherent to antiretroviral therapy were associated with the occurrence of TB after initiation of ART. The institution should screen for TB as early as possible and strictly follow their drug adherence.

scholarly journals Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine impact assessment in Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah H. Baqui ◽  
Eric D. McCollum ◽  
Samir K. Saha ◽  
Arun K. Roy ◽  
Nabidul H. Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Incident Case ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Study

The study examines the impact of the introduction of 10-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV10) into Bangladesh’s national vaccine program. PCV10 is administered to children under 1 year-old; the scheduled ages of administration are at 6, 10, and 18 weeks. The study is conducted in ~770,000 population containing ~90,000 <5 children in Sylhet, Bangladesh and has five objectives: 1) To collect data on community-based pre-PCV incidence rates of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) in 0-59 month-old children in Sylhet, Bangladesh; 2) To evaluate the effectiveness of PCV10 introduction on Vaccine Type (VT) IPD in 3-59 month-old children using an incident case-control study design. Secondary aims include measuring the effects of PCV10 introduction on all IPD in 3-59 month-old children using case-control study design, and quantifying the emergence of Non Vaccine Type IPD; 3) To evaluate the effectiveness of PCV10 introduction on chest radiograph-confirmed pneumonia in children 3-35 months old using incident case-control study design. We will estimate the incidence trend of clinical and radiologically-confirmed pneumonia in 3-35 month-old children in the study area before and after introduction of PCV10; 4) To determine the feasibility and utility of lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia in a large sample of children in a resource-limited setting. We will also evaluate the effectiveness of PCV10 introduction on ultrasound-confirmed pneumonia in 3-35 month-old children using an incident case-control design and to examine the incidence trend of ultrasound-confirmed pneumonia in 3-35 month-old children in the study area before and after PCV10 introduction; and 5) To determine the direct and indirect effects of vaccination status on nasopharyngeal colonization on VT pneumococci among children with pneumonia.  This paper presents the methodology. The study will allow us to conduct a comprehensive and robust assessment of the impact of national introduction of PCV10 on pneumococcal disease in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Aetiology and prevalence of mixed-infections and mono-infections in non-gonococcal urethritis in men: a case-control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J Jordan ◽  
Evelyn Toh ◽  
James A Williams ◽  
Lora Fortenberry ◽  
Michelle L LaPradd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Gonococcal Urethritis ◽  
Control Study

ObjectivesChlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) cause the majority of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). The role of Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) in NGU is unclear. Prior case–control studies that examined the association of UU and NGU may have been confounded by mixed infections and less stringent criteria for controls. The objective of this case–control study was to determine the prevalence and aetiology of mixed infections in men and assess if UU monoinfection is associated with NGU.MethodsWe identified 155 men with NGU and 103 controls. Behavioural and clinical information was obtained and men were tested for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and CT, MG, UU and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV). Men who were five-pathogen negative were classified as idiopathic urethritis (IU).ResultsTwelve per cent of NGU cases in which a pathogen was identified had mixed infections, mostly UU coinfections with MG or CT; 27% had IU. In monoinfected NGU cases, 34% had CT, 17% had MG, 11% had UU and 2% had TV. In controls, pathogens were rarely identified, except for UU, which was present in 20%. Comparing cases and controls, NGU was associated with CT and MG monoinfections and mixed infections. UU monoinfection was not associated with NGU and was almost twice as prevalent in controls. Men in both the case and control groups who were younger and who reported no prior NGU diagnosis were more likely to have UU (OR 0.97 per year of age, 95% CI 0.94 to 0.998 and OR 6.3, 95% CI 1.4 to 28.5, respectively).ConclusionsMixed infections are common in men with NGU and most of these are UU coinfections with other pathogens that are well-established causes of NGU. UU monoinfections are not associated with NGU and are common in younger men and men who have never previously had NGU. Almost half of NGU cases are idiopathic.

Genetic association of G896A polymorphism of TLR4 gene in leprosy through family-based and case-control study designs

2013 ◽  
Vol 107 (12) ◽  
pp. 777-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Suryadevara ◽  
V. S. K. Neela ◽  
S. Kovvali ◽  
S. S. Pydi ◽  
S. Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Association ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Tlr4 Gene ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Oral contraceptive use and anterior cruciate ligament injury: comparison of active comparator new user cohort and case-control study designs

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mackenzie M. Herzog ◽  
Jessica C. Young ◽  
Jennifer L. Lund ◽  
Virginia Pate ◽  
Christina D. Mack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Active Comparator ◽  
Protective Association ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background This study further investigates a protective association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury noted in prior case-control studies. Methods Active comparator new user cohort analysis of women aged 13–45 years in the United States from the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters database who newly-initiated low-dose OCs (exposed) or underwent intrauterine device (IUD) insertion (comparison group) from 2000 to 2014. Women were followed for ACL injury starting 90 days after OC initiation or IUD insertion until OC or IUD discontinuation or end of continuous enrollment. Adjusted hazard ratios (adjHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated controlling for age. Secondary analysis replicated previously-published case-control studies assessing “ever” versus “never” OC use over 1- and 5-year periods among women who underwent ACL reconstruction compared to age-matched controls. Results In the cohort analysis, 2,370,286 women initiated OCs and 621,798 underwent IUD insertion. There were 3571 (0.15%) ACL injuries during an average 370.6 days of continuous OC use and 1620 (0.26%) during an average 590.5 days of IUD use. No difference in risk of ACL injury was observed between OC initiators and IUD users (adjHR = 0.95; 95%CI 0.89, 1.01). The case-control analysis replicated the slight protective association observed in prior studies over a 5-year period (OR = 0.90; 95%CI 0.85, 0.94). Conclusions This cohort study suggests no association between OC use and ACL injury, while the case-control study suggested bias from uncontrolled confounding and selection factors may have influenced previous findings that suggested a protective association between OC use and ACL injury.

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