scholarly journals Aetiology and prevalence of mixed-infections and mono-infections in non-gonococcal urethritis in men: a case-control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J Jordan ◽  
Evelyn Toh ◽  
James A Williams ◽  
Lora Fortenberry ◽  
Michelle L LaPradd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Gonococcal Urethritis ◽  
Control Study

ObjectivesChlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) cause the majority of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). The role of Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) in NGU is unclear. Prior case–control studies that examined the association of UU and NGU may have been confounded by mixed infections and less stringent criteria for controls. The objective of this case–control study was to determine the prevalence and aetiology of mixed infections in men and assess if UU monoinfection is associated with NGU.MethodsWe identified 155 men with NGU and 103 controls. Behavioural and clinical information was obtained and men were tested for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and CT, MG, UU and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV). Men who were five-pathogen negative were classified as idiopathic urethritis (IU).ResultsTwelve per cent of NGU cases in which a pathogen was identified had mixed infections, mostly UU coinfections with MG or CT; 27% had IU. In monoinfected NGU cases, 34% had CT, 17% had MG, 11% had UU and 2% had TV. In controls, pathogens were rarely identified, except for UU, which was present in 20%. Comparing cases and controls, NGU was associated with CT and MG monoinfections and mixed infections. UU monoinfection was not associated with NGU and was almost twice as prevalent in controls. Men in both the case and control groups who were younger and who reported no prior NGU diagnosis were more likely to have UU (OR 0.97 per year of age, 95% CI 0.94 to 0.998 and OR 6.3, 95% CI 1.4 to 28.5, respectively).ConclusionsMixed infections are common in men with NGU and most of these are UU coinfections with other pathogens that are well-established causes of NGU. UU monoinfections are not associated with NGU and are common in younger men and men who have never previously had NGU. Almost half of NGU cases are idiopathic.

A case-control study of men with non-gonococcal urethritis at Auckland Sexual Health Service: rates of detection of Mycoplasma genitalium

Sexual Health ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Hilton ◽  
Sunita Azariah ◽  
Murray Reid
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Sexual Health ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Gonococcal Urethritis ◽  
Sexual Health Service ◽  
Control Study

Background: Previous studies have identified Mycoplasma genitalium as a cause of urethritis in men. As there is no New Zealand data, a case-control study was conducted to determine whether this organism is a significant cause of urethritis in men presenting to Auckland Sexual Health Service. Methods: Enrolment for the study commenced in March 2006 and finished in February 2008. Inclusion criteria for cases of non-gonococcal urethritis were onset of urethritis symptoms within one month confirmed by urethral Gram staining showing ≥10 polymorphonuclear leucocytes per high-powered field. Controls were men presenting during the same time period for asymptomatic sexual health screening. All participants were tested for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Information regarding symptoms, sexual behaviour and treatment was collected using a standard questionnaire. Results: We recruited 209 cases and 199 controls with a participation rate of 96%. The prevalence of C. trachomatis and M. genitalium in non-gonococcal urethritis cases was 33.5% and 10% respectively. Co-infection with these organisms was uncommon (1.9%). C. trachomatis and M. genitalium were diagnosed in 4% and 2% of controls, respectively, and both infections were detected significantly less often than in the cases (P < 0.0001, P < 0.005). Cases were more likely to report inconsistent condom use, multiple sexual contacts and not having sexual intercourse in the last week (P = 0.03, P = 0.02, P = 0.03). A past history of non-gonococcal urethritis was a significant predictor of current symptoms (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: This is the first study to investigate M. genitalium infection in New Zealand men. Our results confirm that M. genitalium is a cause of non-gonococcal urethritis in men presenting to our service.

scholarly journals Urogenital pathogens, associated with Trichomonas vaginalis, among pregnant women in Kilifi, Kenya: a nested case-control study

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon C. Masha ◽  
Piet Cools ◽  
Patrick Descheemaeker ◽  
Marijke Reynders ◽  
Eduard J. Sanders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals The Association between Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection and The Risk of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia, Prostate Cancer, and Bladder Cancer in Patients: A Nationwide Population-Based Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung Yi Yang ◽  
Ruei-Yu Su ◽  
Chi-Hsiang Chung ◽  
Kuo-Yang Huang ◽  
Wu-Chien Chien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prostate Hyperplasia ◽  
Benign Prostate ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Introduction: Trichomonas vaginalis infection is one of the most widespread sexually transmitted infections in the world. There are approximately 276 million cases worldwide. Most men remain undiagnosed and untreated because they are asymptomatic. The chronic inflammation induced by persistent infection may increase the risk of developing genitourinary cancers. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between trichomoniasis and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCa), and bladder cancer (BC) in Taiwan.Material and method: We designed a case-control study by using the database of the National Health Insurance program in Taiwan. We used the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision classifications to classify all the medical conditions in the case and control groups. All odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression to adjust for all comorbidities and variables.Result: From 2000 to 2015, we enrolled a total of 62,544 individuals as the case group and 187,632 as the control group. Trichomoniasis exposure had a significant association with BPH and PCa (adjusted OR: BPH = 2.685, 95% CI = 1.233–4.286, P = 0.013; PCa = 5.801, 95% CI = 1.296–26.035, P = 0.016). The relative risk was much higher if patients had both trichomoniasis and depression (adjusted OR = 7.682, 95% CI = 5.730–9.451, P < 0.001).Conclusion: Men with trichomoniasis had a significantly higher risk of developing BPH and PCa than those without. Healthcare professionals should not only pay more attention to disease treatment, but also to public health education.

scholarly journals Urethritis-associated Pathogens in Urine from Men with Non-gonococcal Urethritis: A Case-control Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Frølund ◽  
P Lidbrink ◽  
A Wikström ◽  
S Cowan ◽  
P Ahrens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Gonococcal Urethritis ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Oral contraceptive use and anterior cruciate ligament injury: comparison of active comparator new user cohort and case-control study designs

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mackenzie M. Herzog ◽  
Jessica C. Young ◽  
Jennifer L. Lund ◽  
Virginia Pate ◽  
Christina D. Mack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Active Comparator ◽  
Protective Association ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background This study further investigates a protective association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury noted in prior case-control studies. Methods Active comparator new user cohort analysis of women aged 13–45 years in the United States from the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters database who newly-initiated low-dose OCs (exposed) or underwent intrauterine device (IUD) insertion (comparison group) from 2000 to 2014. Women were followed for ACL injury starting 90 days after OC initiation or IUD insertion until OC or IUD discontinuation or end of continuous enrollment. Adjusted hazard ratios (adjHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated controlling for age. Secondary analysis replicated previously-published case-control studies assessing “ever” versus “never” OC use over 1- and 5-year periods among women who underwent ACL reconstruction compared to age-matched controls. Results In the cohort analysis, 2,370,286 women initiated OCs and 621,798 underwent IUD insertion. There were 3571 (0.15%) ACL injuries during an average 370.6 days of continuous OC use and 1620 (0.26%) during an average 590.5 days of IUD use. No difference in risk of ACL injury was observed between OC initiators and IUD users (adjHR = 0.95; 95%CI 0.89, 1.01). The case-control analysis replicated the slight protective association observed in prior studies over a 5-year period (OR = 0.90; 95%CI 0.85, 0.94). Conclusions This cohort study suggests no association between OC use and ACL injury, while the case-control study suggested bias from uncontrolled confounding and selection factors may have influenced previous findings that suggested a protective association between OC use and ACL injury.

Quantitative Epidemiology

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-255
Author(s):  
Jonathan Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Hospital Epidemiology ◽  
Quantitative Epidemiology ◽  
Control Study

AbstractWe provide guidance for new practitioners in the vocabulary of modern epidemiology and the application of quantitative methods. Most hospital epidemiology involves surveillance (observational) data that were not part of a planned experiment, so the rubric and logic of controlled experimental studies cannot be applied. Forms of incidence and prevalence often are confused. The names “cohort study” and “case-control study” are unfortunate, as cohort studies rarely involve cohorts and case-control studies allow no active control by the investigator. Either type of study can be prospective or retrospective. Results of studies with discrete outcomes (infected or not, lived or died) often are represented best by a form of the risk ratio with 95% confidence intervals. The potential distorting effects of selection bias, misclassification, and confounding need to be considered.

scholarly journals Do Case-Control Studies Always Estimate Odds Ratios?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy A Labrecque ◽  
Myriam M G Hunink ◽  
M Arfan Ikram ◽  
M Kamran Ikram
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Incidence Density ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Case-control studies are an important part of the epidemiologic literature, yet confusion remains about how to interpret estimates from different case-control study designs. We demonstrate that not all case-control study designs estimate odds ratios. On the contrary, case-control studies in the literature often report odds ratios as their main parameter even when using designs that do not estimate odds ratios. Only studies using specific case-control designs should report odds ratios, whereas the case-cohort and incidence-density sampled case-control studies must report risk ratio and incidence rate ratios, respectively. This also applies to case-control studies conducted in open cohorts, which often estimate incidence rate ratios. We also demonstrate the misinterpretation of case-control study estimates in a small sample of highly cited case-control studies in general epidemiologic and medical journals. We therefore suggest that greater care be taken when considering which parameter is to be reported from a case-control study.

Association between Transforming Growth Factor Alpha TaqI Polymorphism and Susceptibility to the Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and/or Palate in an Iranian Population: A Case Control Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdolhamid Amooee ◽  
Seyed Mohammadreza Niktabar ◽  
Mohammad Javad Akbarian-Bafghi ◽  
Majid Morovati-Sharifabad ◽  
Mohamad Hosein Lookzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allele Frequency ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Iranian Population ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Control Study

Background: The TGF-α TaqI C >T polymorphism is a well-characterized variant for nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NS CL/P), but it has shown inconsistent results of association with nonsyndromic CL/P across a number of studies. Thus, we have performed this case-control study to clarify the association between the TGF-α TaqI C >T polymorphism and NS CL/P risk.   Methods: One-hundred ten cases with NSCL/P and 110 controls were recruited to the current study. We have genotyped the TGF-α TaqI C >T polymorphism using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied for strength of association TGF-α TaqI C >T polymorphism with NSCL/P.   Results: The TGF-α TaqI C >T polymorphism CC, CT and TT genotypes frequencies in the NSCL/P cases were 30.9%, 57.3% and 11.8%, respectively while the corresponding frequencies in the controls were 37.3%, 52.7% and 10.0%, respectively. The frequency of C and T alleles in the case were 59.5% and 40.5%, respectively while the corresponding allelic frequencies in the controls were 63.6% and 36.4%. There was no significant difference in the genotype and allele frequency for TGF-α TaqI C >T polymorphism between cases and controls. The minor allele frequency (MAF) of TGF-α TaqI C >T polymorphism among healthy controls was 0.36.   Conclusion: Our study indicates that the TGF-α TaqI C>T polymorphism was not significantly associated with increased risk of NS CL/P in the Iranian population. However, our results still need to be confirmed by further large and well-designed case-control studies.

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