The effect of high intensity functional training on the oxidative status, muscle damage and performance of basketball players

Introduction: Aerobic training with an acyclic and intermittent character triggers high metabolic stress, responsible for generating alterations in several blood biomarkers. Thus, investigations that clarify understanding of metabolic behavior in response to exercise seem pertinent, when considering the dynamics of prescription of physical training and recovery. Objective: Demonstrate and discuss the behavior of blood biomarkers in response to High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT). Methods: The PubMed/MEDLINE, Scielo, Lilacs, Bireme, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were searched from the oldest records available until January 16, 2020. The search was carried out by combining descriptors related to the terms: “HIIT”, “HIFT”, and “blood biomarkers”. To be included, studies were required to: 1) have a clinical trial design; 2) evaluate the effects of an HIIT and/or HIFT protocol; and 3) measure blood biomarkers before and after the training protocol. No restrictions were applied to the characteristics of the participants regarding health condition, age, sex, and level of training. Results: In total, seven studies were included (n=221 participants, aged between 18 and 63 years) that analyzed different population profiles such as athletes, sedentary young people, patients with breast cancer, and diabetics. The biomarkers evaluated included analysis of muscle damage (C Reactive protein and CK); oxidative stress (antioxidant capacity); kidney injury (creatinine and urea); hormones (testosterone and cortisol); cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-4, and IF-γ); and hemogram. In general, the results demonstrated specific patterns for the investigated markers. Thus, there were increases in muscle damage markers, while in the inflammatory markers, there was a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines. Despite the reduced values of the general blood count, markers such as neutrophils and basophils did not demonstrate statistically significant alterations. Serum testosterone levels were higher and cortisol was lower in the post-exercise period when compared to pre-exercise. Conclusion: These data are of practical relevance when demonstrating patterns of physiological responses, which also characterize knowledge and understanding essential to determine adequate periodization.

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Acute leucocyte, muscle damage, and stress marker responses to high-intensity functional training

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0243276 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. e0243276

Author(s):

João Henrique Gomes ◽

Renata Rebello Mendes ◽

Crystianne Santana Franca ◽

Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto ◽

Danilo Rodrigues Pereira da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

High Intensity ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Analysis ◽

Functional Training ◽

Stress Marker ◽

Stress Markers ◽

Immune Parameters ◽

Baseline Values ◽

Wbc Count

Background High-intensity functional training (HIFT) has become more popular, and the number of practitioners has increased; however, it remains unclear whether perturbations in the immune parameters occur, even after one single bout. Our aim was to examine acute leucocyte, muscle damage, and stress marker responses following a single ‘Cindy’ workout session, and compare the results between novice and experienced participants. Material and methods Twenty-three HIFT practitioners (age 31.0 ± 1.0 years) completed the ‘Cindy’ workout. They were categorized as novice (3–8 months of experience; n = 10) and experienced (≥18 months; n = 13). White blood cell (WBC) count, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, blood cortisol level, and lactate concentration were measured. Blood analysis was performed before (pre-ex), immediately after (post-ex), 30 min after (post-30 min), and 24 h after (post-24 h) a single ‘Cindy’ workout session. Results WBC count was higher post-ex (6.8 to 11.8x103/μL) and returned to baseline values within post-30 min (p<0.01). Neutrophil (3.3 to 4.5x103/μL) and lymphocyte levels (2.8 to 5.9x103/μL) were higher post-ex and returned to baseline values after post-24 h, yet lymphocytopoenia (2.2x103/μL) was observed at post-30 min (p<0.01). CK increased post-ex (174.9 to 226.7 U.L-1) and remained elevated post-24 h. Cortisol (14.7 to 17.0 μg/dL) and lactate (1.9 to 13.5 mmol.l-1) responses increased post-ex, but only the lactate level was reduced at post-30 min (p<0.01). The experienced participants had higher WBC, lymphocyte, and cortisol concentrations post-ex than the novice ones (p<0.01). Conclusions A single HIFT session elicited significant acute perturbations in WBC count, stress markers, and muscle tissue, which is like other similar regimens. Importantly, the experienced participants showed greater lymphocyte and cortisol responses than the novice ones.

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Different amount of training affects body composition and performance in High-Intensity Functional Training participants

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0237887 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. e0237887

Author(s):

Valentina Cavedon ◽

Chiara Milanese ◽

Alessandro Marchi ◽

Carlo Zancanaro

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

High Intensity ◽

Functional Training ◽

And Performance

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High-Intensity Functional Training Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Neuromuscular Performance Without Inflammation or Muscle Damage

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ◽

10.1519/jsc.0000000000003516 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Georgios Posnakidis ◽

George Aphamis ◽

Christoforos D. Giannaki ◽

Vassilis Mougios ◽

Panagiotis Aristotelous ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

High Intensity ◽

Functional Training ◽

Neuromuscular Performance

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A Comparison of High Intensity Functional Training and Circuit Training on Health and Performance Variables in Women: A Pilot Study

Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal ◽

10.1123/wspaj.2015-0035 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gina Sobrero ◽

Scott Arnett ◽

Mark Schafer ◽

Whitley Stone ◽

T. A. Tolbert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Anaerobic Capacity ◽

Stair Climbing ◽

Upper Body ◽

Lower Body ◽

Circuit Training ◽

Functional Training ◽

And Performance ◽

Capacity Flexibility

High intensity functional training (HIFT) emphasizes constantly varied, high intensity, functional activity by programming strength and conditioning exercises, gymnastics, Olympic weightlifting, and specialty movements. Conversely, traditional circuit training (TCT) programs aim to improve muscular fitness by utilizing the progressive overload principle, similar movements weekly, and specified work-to-rest ratios. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if differences exist in health and performance measures in women participating in HIFT or TCT after a six-week training program. Recreationally active women were randomly assigned to a HIFT (n = 8, age 26.0 + 7.3 yrs) or TCT (n = 11, age 26.3 + 9.6 yrs) group. Participants trained three days a week for six weeks with certified trainers. Investigators examined body composition (BC), aerobic and anaerobic capacity, muscular strength, endurance, flexibility, power, and agility. Repeated-measures ANOVA were used for statistical analyses with an alpha level of 0.05. Both groups increased body mass (p = .011), and improved muscular endurance (p < .000), upper body strength (p = .007), lower body power (p = .029) and agility (p = .003). In addition, the HIFT group decreased body fat (BF) %, while the TCT group increased BF% (p = .011). No changes were observed in aerobic or anaerobic capacity, flexibility, upper body power, or lower body stair climbing power. Newer, high intensity functional exercise programs such as HIFT may have better results on BC and similar effects when compared with TCT programs on health and fitness variables such as musculoskeletal strength and performance.

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High-Intensity Functional Training Guided by Individualized Heart Rate Variability Results in Similar Health and Fitness Improvements as Predetermined Training with Less Effort

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology ◽

10.3390/jfmk6040102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 102

Author(s):

Justin A. DeBlauw ◽

Nicholas B. Drake ◽

Brady K. Kurtz ◽

Derek A. Crawford ◽

Michael J. Carper ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Body Composition ◽

Exercise Intensity ◽

High Intensity ◽

Cardiovascular Function ◽

Work Capacity ◽

Test Body ◽

Functional Training ◽

And Performance

Heart rate variability (HRV) may be useful for prescribing high-intensity functional training (HIFT) exercise programs. This study aimed to compare effects of HRV-guided and predetermined HIFT on cardiovascular function, body composition, and performance. Methods: Recreationally-active adults (n = 55) were randomly assigned to predetermined HIFT (n = 29, age = 24.1 ± 4.1 years) or HRV-guided HIFT (n = 26, age = 23.7 ± 4.5) groups. Both groups completed 11 weeks of daily HRV recordings, 6 weeks of HIFT (5 d·week-1), and pre- and post-test body composition and fitness assessments. Meaningful changes in resting HRV were used to modulate (i.e., reduce) HRV-guided participants’ exercise intensity. Linear mixed models were used with Bonferroni post hoc adjustment for analysis. Results: All participants significantly improved resting heart rate, lean mass, fat mass, strength, and work capacity. However, no significant between-groups differences were observed for cardiovascular function, body composition, or fitness changes. The HRV-guided group spent significantly fewer training days at high intensity (mean difference = −13.56 ± 0.83 days; p < 0.001). Conclusion: HRV-guided HIFT produced similar improvements in cardiovascular function, body composition, and fitness as predetermined HIFT, despite fewer days at high intensity. HRV shows promise for prescribing individualized exercise intensity during HIFT.

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The Multimodal Nature of High-Intensity Functional Training: Potential Applications to Improve Sport Performance

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports7020033 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 33 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Joao Falk Neto ◽

Michael Kennedy

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Anaerobic Capacity ◽

Metabolic Stress ◽

Sport Performance ◽

Muscular Endurance ◽

Functional Training ◽

Training Strategy ◽

Training Interventions ◽

Potential Applications ◽

And Performance

Training for sports performance requires the development of multiple fitness components within the same program. In this context, training strategies that have the potential to concomitantly enhance metabolic and musculoskeletal fitness are of great value for athletes and coaches. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the current studies on high-intensity functional training (HIFT) and to assess how HIFT could be utilized in order to improve sport-specific performance. Studies on untrained and recreationally-active participants have led to positive results on aerobic power and anaerobic capacity, and muscular endurance, while results on muscular strength and power are less clear. Still, HIFT sessions can elicit high levels of metabolic stress and resistance training exercises are prescribed with parameters that can lead to improvements in muscular endurance, hypertrophy, strength, and power. As similar training interventions have been shown to be effective in the athletic population, it is possible that HIFT could be a time-efficient training intervention that can positively impact athletes’ performances. While the potential for improvements in fitness and performance with HIFT is promising, there is a clear need for controlled studies that employ this training strategy in athletes in order to assess its effectiveness in this population.

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Asymmetry inter-limb and performance in amateur athletes involved in high intensity functional training

Isokinetics and Exercise Science ◽

10.3233/ies-194201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 83-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rômulo Vasconcelos Teixeira ◽

Victor Sabino de Queiros ◽

Matheus Peixoto Dantas ◽

Marina Gonçalves Assis ◽

Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Amateur Athletes ◽

Functional Training ◽

And Performance

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Hand Preference and Performance in Basketball Tasks

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16224336 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (22) ◽

pp. 4336 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emanuela Gualdi-Russo ◽

Natascia Rinaldo ◽

Alba Pasini ◽

Luciana Zaccagni

Keyword(s):

Professional Training ◽

Factor Model ◽

Hand Preference ◽

Control Group ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽

Left Hand ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

And Performance ◽

The Right

The aims of this study were to develop and validate an instrument to quantitatively assess the handedness of basketballers in basketball tasks (Basketball Handedness Inventory, BaHI) and to compare it with their handedness in daily activities by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI). The participants were 111 basketballers and 40 controls. All subjects completed the EHI and only basketballers filled in the BaHI. To validate the BaHI, a voluntary subsample of basketballers repeated the BaHI. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a two-factor model. Our results show that: (i) Handedness score (R) in daily actions did not differ between basketball players (R by EHI = 69.3 ± 44.6) and the control group (R by EHI = 64.5 ± 58.6); (ii) basketballers more frequently favored performing certain sport tasks with the left hand or mixed hands (as highlighted by R by BaHI = 50.1 ± 47.1), although their choice was primarily the right hand in everyday gestures; and (iii) this preference was especially true for athletes at the highest levels of performance (R by BaHI of A1 league = 38.6 ± 58.3) and for those playing in selected roles (point guard’s R = 29.4 ± 67.4). Our findings suggest that professional training induces handedness changes in basketball tasks. The BaHI provides a valid and reliable measure of the skilled hand in basketball. This will allow coaches to assess mastery of the ball according to the hand used by the athlete in the different tasks and roles.

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Effects of 4-week small-sided games vs. high-intensity interval training with changes of direction in female collegiate basketball players

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/17479541211032739 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174795412110327

Author(s):

Jinshu Zeng ◽

Jing Xu ◽

Yuanhong Xu ◽

Wu Zhou ◽

Fei Xu

Keyword(s):

Physical Performance ◽

High Intensity ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Interval Training ◽

High Intensity Interval Training ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Collegiate Basketball ◽

High Intensity Interval ◽

And Control ◽

Movement Test

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of 4-week small-sided games (SSG) and high-intensity interval training with changes of direction (HIT-COD) on physical performance and specific technical skills in female collegiate basketball players. Nineteen players were divided into SSG (n = 9) and HIT-COD (n = 10) groups, that performed either SSG or HIT-COD three times per week for 4 weeks during the pre-season. Players’ heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion responses (RPE) were assessed during the intervention. Before and after the intervention period, performances were assessed with 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT), repeated sprint ability (RSA) test, modified agility T-test (MAT), countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m sprint, shooting accuracy test, 1 min shooting test, passing test, defensive movement test and control dribble test. Both training interventions led to similar physiological and perceived exertion responses, showing no significant differences in HR ( P = .49, d = 0.2) and RPE ( P = .77, d = 0.1) between groups. Significant improvements were observed in 30-15IFT (SSG: 4.1%, d = 1.5; HIT-COD: 4.2%, d = 1.7), RSAmean (SSG: −2.2%, d = 1.0; HIT-COD: −1.9%, d = 1.0), RSAbest (SSG: −2.0%, d = 0.9; HIT-COD: −2.1%, d = 1.1), MAT (SSG: −7.2%, d = 1.7; HIT-COD: 5.7%, d = 1.5), defensive movement test (SSG: −5.1%, d = 2.1; HIT-COD: −5.8%, d = 1.8) and control dribble test (SSG: −3.4%, d = 1.0; HIT-COD: −2.6%, d = 1.0). The only significant group × time interaction was found ( P = .032, [Formula: see text] = 0.24), with SSG improving 1 min shooting (22.4%, d = 1.0) and HIT-COD performing slightly worse (−2.6%, d = 0.1) after a 4-week intervention. The current study suggests that using SSG is more effective than HIT-COD for female collegiate basketball players in pre-season, since SSG improves physical performance and basketball-specific movements as well as shooting abilities after a 4-week intervention.

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