Perceived exertion and performance modulation: effects of caffeine ingestion and subject expectation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential ergogenic benefit of caffeine in the performance of a 1,500-meter swim. Caffeine (6 mg∙kg−1) or placebo was administered 2-1/2 hrs prior to the swim trial in a double-blind crossover design. Caffeine resulted in a significantly lower perceived exertion for 100-m warm-up swims. Subjects swam significantly (p < 0.05) faster with caffeine (20:58.8 ± 0:36.4, mean ± SEM) than without (21:21.8 ± 0:38). Plasma potassium was significantly lower prior to the swim with caffeine, and blood glucose was higher after that swim. Caffeine provides an ergogenic benefit for a 1,500-meter swim, an event that is completed in less than 25 min. Lower plasma potassium concentration prior to exercise and higher blood glucose following the trial suggest that electrolyte balance and glucose availability may be important aspects of the ergogenic effects of caffeine. Key words: methylxanthines, endurance, exercise, potassium, fatigue, swimming

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Carbohydrate Drink Use During 30 Minutes of Variable-Intensity Exercise Has No Effect on Exercise Performance in Premenarchal Girls

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.2020-0050 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 65-69

Author(s):

C. Eric Heidorn ◽

Brandon J. Dykstra ◽

Cori A. Conner ◽

Anthony D. Mahon

Keyword(s):

Peak Power ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Fatigue Index ◽

Mean Power ◽

Variable Intensity ◽

Performance Effects ◽

Power Peak ◽

The Mean ◽

And Performance

Purpose: This study examined the physiological, perceptual, and performance effects of a 6% carbohydrate (CHO) drink during variable-intensity exercise (VIE) and a postexercise test in premenarchal girls. Methods: A total of 10 girls (10.4 [0.7] y) participated in the study. VO2peak was assessed, and the girls were familiarized with VIE and performance during the first visit. The trial order (CHO and placebo) was randomly assigned for subsequent visits. The drinks were given before VIE bouts and 1-minute performance (9 mL/kg total). Two 15-minute bouts of VIE were completed (10 repeated sequences of 20%, 55%, and 95% power at VO2peak and maximal sprints) before a 1-minute performance sprint. Results: The mean power, peak power, heart rate (HR), %HRpeak, and rating of perceived exertion during VIE did not differ between trials. However, the peak power decreased, and the rating of perceived exertion increased from the first to the second bout. During the 1-minute performance, there were no differences between the trial (CHO vs placebo) for HR (190 [9] vs 189 [9] bpm), %HRpeak (97.0% [3.2%] vs 96.6% [3.0%]), rating of perceived exertion (7.8 [2.3] vs 8.1 [1.9]), peak power (238 [70] vs 235 [60] W), fatigue index (54.7% [10.0%] vs 55.9% [12.8%]), or total work (9.4 [2.6] vs 9.4 [2.1] kJ). Conclusion: CHO supplementation did not alter physiological, perceptual, or performance responses during 30 minutes of VIE or postexercise sprint performance in premenarchal girls.

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Effect of a Musicians’ Exercise Intervention on Performance-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders

Medical Problems of Performing Artists ◽

10.21091/mppa.2014.4038 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 181-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Cliffton Chan ◽

Tim Driscoll ◽

Bronwen J Ackermann

Keyword(s):

Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

Private Practice ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Exercise Program ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Full Time ◽

Related Factors ◽

And Performance

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of a purpose-designed exercise program on performance-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) and associated risk factors in a sample of professional orchestral musicians. METHODS: A 10-week exercise program was made available to full-time musicians employed by the eight premier symphony orchestras of Australia. Questionnaires were administered before, immediately after (T1), and 6 months after interventions (T2) containing questions relating to change in frequency and severity of PRMDs, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during rehearsal, private practice, and performance, as well as nine performance-related factors. Participants were also asked to rate whether these performance-related factors affected their overall playing capacity during different playing situations. A comparative control group of musicians had no intervention and completed a modified questionnaire at the same time points. RESULTS: Exercise participants (n=30) reported a reduction in frequency (p<0.05) and severity (p<0.05) of PRMDs at T1 but not at T2 compared to controls (n=23). The exercise group reported a significant improvement in RPE during private practice at T1 (p<0.01) and T2 (p<0.01), but not during rehearsal and performance. At T1, the intervention was rated to be moderately to highly effective for three performance-related factors: strengthening muscles that support playing, learning techniques that support playing, and posture. Further, participants reported an intervention effect on overall playing capacity during rehearsal at T1 and T2. CONCLUSIONS: A tailored exercise program for musicians was effective at managing PRMDs, especially in reducing the frequency and severity of PRMDs. Physical therapy exercises should be considered in modifying performance-related factors that have been reported to be predictors of PRMDs.

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Increased Cardiorespiratory Stress During Submaximal Cycling After Ketone Monoester Ingestion in Endurance-Trained Adults

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2020-0999 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Devin Goddard McCarthy ◽

William Bostad ◽

Fiona Jane Powley ◽

Jonathan P. Little ◽

Douglas Richards ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Ketone Body ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Bolus Dose ◽

Ventilatory Threshold ◽

Time Trial ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Threshold Intensity ◽

Double Blind ◽

And Performance

There is growing interest in the effect of exogenous ketone body supplementation on exercise responses and performance. The limited studies to date have yielded equivocal data, likely due in part to differences in dosing strategy, increase in blood ketones, and participant training status. Using a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced design, we examined the effect of ingesting a ketone monoester (KE) supplement (600 mg/kg body mass) or flavour-matched placebo in endurance-trained adults (n=10 males, n=9 females; VO2peak=57±8 ml/kg/min). Participants performed a 30-min cycling bout at ventilatory threshold intensity (71±3% VO2peak), followed 15 min later by a 3 kJ/kg body mass time-trial. KE versus placebo ingestion increased plasma [β-hydroxybutyrate] before exercise (3.9±1.0 vs 0.2±0.3 mM, p<0.0001, dz=3.4), ventilation (77±17 vs 71±15 L/min, p<0.0001, dz=1.3) and heart rate (155±11 vs 150±11 beats/min, p<0.001, dz=1.2) during exercise, and rating of perceived exertion at the end of exercise (15.4±1.6 vs 14.5±1.2, p<0.01, dz=0.85). Plasma [β-hydroxybutyrate] remained higher after KE vs placebo ingestion before the time-trial (3.5±1.0 vs 0.3±0.2 mM, p<0.0001, dz=3.1), but performance was not different (KE: 16:25±2:50 vs placebo: 16:06±2:40 min:s, p=0.20; dz=0.31). We conclude that acute ingestion of a relatively large KE bolus dose increased markers of cardiorespiratory stress during submaximal exercise in endurance-trained participants. Novelty bullets: •Limited studies have yielded equivocal data regarding exercise responses after acute ketone body supplementation. •Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced design, we found that ingestion of a large bolus dose of a commercial ketone monoester supplement increased markers of cardiorespiratory stress during cycling at ventilatory threshold intensity in endurance-trained adults.

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Metabolic responses and performance in tennis after caffeine ingestion

Science and Racket Sports II ◽

10.4324/9780203474617-14 ◽

2002 ◽

pp. 78-85

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Responses ◽

Caffeine Ingestion ◽

And Performance

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Acute Caffeine Ingestion did not Enhance Punch Performance in Professional Mixed-Martial Arts Athletes

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11061422 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1422 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Arthur de Azevedo ◽

Mauro Guerra ◽

Leonardo Caldas ◽

Lucas Guimarães-Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Martial Arts ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Force Transducer ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Combat Sport ◽

Mixed Martial Arts ◽

Placebo Condition ◽

Double Blind ◽

Caffeine Ingestion ◽

Punch Force

Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport where competitors utilize strikes (punches, kicks, knees, and elbows) and submission techniques to defeat opponents in a cage or ring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on punching performance by professional MMA athletes. The study used a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design. Eleven professional MMA competitors (27.6 ± 4.3 years and 83.5 ± 7.8 kg of body weight) ingested a dose of caffeine (5 mg·kg−1) or placebo 60 min prior to three sets of punching. Each set consisted of 15 s, at which participants were asked to perform straight punches with maximum strength and frequency with his dominant arm. After each set, a 45 s recovery time was applied. Using a force transducer attached to a cushioned plate, the punch frequency, and mean and maximal punch force was measured. The readiness to invest in both physical (RTIPE) and mental (RTIME) effort was assessed prior to the protocol, and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded after. Caffeine ingestion did not result in increased punching frequency, mean and maximum punch force, RTIPE, RTIME, and RPE when compared to the placebo condition. Based on these results, acute caffeine ingestion did not improve punching performance in professional MMA athletes.

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An Exploratory Double-Blind Study of Caffeine Effects on Performance and Perceived Exertion in Judo

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.1177/0031512519826726 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 126 (3) ◽

pp. 515-529

Author(s):

Marina Saldanha da Silva Athayde ◽

Rafael L. Kons ◽

Daniele Detanico

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Medium Effect ◽

Double Blind Study ◽

Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Double Blind ◽

Caffeine Ingestion ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽

Judo Athletes ◽

Low Sensitivity

This study analyzed the effects of caffeine ingestion during judo matches on judo athletes' match-derived performance and perceived exertion responses. We applied a double-blind randomized crossover (caffeine vs. placebo conditions) research design. Twelve male athletes performed three 5-minute matches separated by 15 minutes of passive rest. Immediately after each match, the athletes completed ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs), and one minute before beginning the second and third matches, they provided ratings of perceived recovery (RPRs). We filmed all matches for subsequent analysis of the athletes' technical skills. We found no interaction between condition and time of RPE, RPR, and match-derived technical variables, but number of attacks and RPR decreased over the matches, and RPE increased in both conditions. Three participants showed individual positive responses to caffeine ingestion for number of attacks. Attacks, efficiency, and effectiveness presented low sensitivity in both conditions, as only large changes could be identified. We conclude that caffeine ingestion did not provoke changes in either perceived exertion or match-derived performance. Match-derived technical variables were not sensitive for detecting small or medium effects of caffeine, but perceived exertion may detect at least medium effect after caffeine ingestion.

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Training Loads, Wellness And Performance Before and During Tapering for a Water-Polo Tournament

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/hukin-2018-0053 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 131-141

Author(s):

Petros G. Botonis ◽

Argyris G. Toubekis ◽

Theodoros I. Platanou

Keyword(s):

Muscle Soreness ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Swimming Performance ◽

Training Load ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Training Period ◽

Training Strategy ◽

Water Polo ◽

And Performance ◽

High Level

AbstractWe investigated the effectiveness of a short-duration training period including an overloaded (weeks 1 and 2) and a reduced training load period (weeks 3 and 4) on wellness, swimming performance and a perceived internal training load in eight high-level water-polo players preparing for play-offs. The internal training load was estimated daily using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and session duration (session-RPE). Perceived ratings of wellness (fatigue, muscle soreness, sleep quality, stress level and mood) were assessed daily. Swimming performance was evaluated through 400-m and 20-m tests performed before (baseline) and after the end of weeks 2 and 4. In weeks 3 and 4, the internal training load was reduced by 19.0 ± 3.8 and 36.0 ± 4.7%, respectively, compared to week 1 (p = 0.00). Wellness was improved in week 4 (20.4 ± 2.8 AU) compared to week 1 and week 2 by 16.0 ± 2.2 and 17.3 ± 2.9 AU, respectively (p =0.001). At the end of week 4, swimming performance at 400-m and 20-m tests (299.0 ± 10.2 and 10.2 ± 0.3 s) was improved compared to baseline values (301.4 ± 10.9 and 10.4 ± 0.4 s, p < 0.05) and the overloading training period (week 2; 302.9 ± 9.0 and 10.4 ± 0.4 s, p < 0.05). High correlations were observed between the percentage reduction of the internal training load from week 4 to week 1 (-25.3 ± 5.5%) and the respective changes in 20-m time (-2.1 ± 2.2%, r = 0.88, p < 0.01), fatigue perception (39.6 ± 27.1%), muscle soreness (32.5 ± 26.6%), stress levels (25.6 ± 15.1%) and the overall wellness scores (28.6 ± 21.9%, r = 0.74-0.79, p < 0.05). The reduction of the internal training load improved the overall perceived wellness and swimming performance of players. The aforementioned periodization approach may be an effective training strategy in the lead-up to play-off tournaments.

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The effect of low- vs high-cadence interval training on the freely chosen cadence and performance in endurance-trained cyclists

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2015-0562 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 666-673 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Anthony G. Whitty ◽

Aron J. Murphy ◽

Aaron J. Coutts ◽

Mark L. Watsford

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Average Power ◽

Time Trial ◽

Interval Training ◽

Performance Measure ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Superior Performance ◽

Strength Development ◽

And Performance ◽

High Cadence

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of high- and low-cadence interval training on the freely chosen cadence (FCC) and performance in endurance-trained cyclists. Sixteen male endurance-trained cyclists completed a series of submaximal rides at 60% maximal power (Wmax) at cadences of 50, 70, 90, and 110 r·min−1, and their FCC to determine their preferred cadence, gross efficiency (GE), rating of perceived exertion, and crank torque profile. Performance was measured via a 15-min time trial, which was preloaded with a cycle at 60% Wmax. Following the testing, the participants were randomly assigned to a high-cadence (HC) (20% above FCC) or a low-cadence (LC) (20% below FCC) group for 18 interval-based training sessions over 6 weeks. The HC group increased their FCC from 92 to 101 r·min−1 after the intervention (p = 0.01), whereas the LC group remained unchanged (93 r·min−1). GE increased from 22.7% to 23.6% in the HC group at 90 r·min−1 (p = 0.05), from 20.0% to 20.9% at 110 r·min−1 (p = 0.05), and from 22.8% to 23.2% at their FCC. Both groups significantly increased their total distance and average power output following training, with the LC group recording a superior performance measure. There were minimal changes to the crank torque profile in both groups following training. This study demonstrated that the FCC can be altered with HC interval training and that the determinants of the optimal cycling cadence are multifactorial and not completely understood. Furthermore, LC interval training may significantly improve time-trial results of short duration as a result of an increase in strength development or possible neuromuscular adaptations.

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Effect of Fatigue on Functional Movement Screening Performance in Dancers

Medical Problems of Performing Artists ◽

10.21091/mppa.2018.3032 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 213-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ross Armstrong ◽

Christopher M Brogden ◽

Debbie Milner ◽

Debbie Norris ◽

Matt Greig

Keyword(s):

Injury Risk ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Neuromuscular Control ◽

Functional Movement ◽

Screening Performance ◽

Movement Screening ◽

And Performance ◽

High Level ◽

Deep Squat ◽

Functional Movement Screening

OBJECTIVE: Dance is associated with a high risk of injury, with fatigue identified as a contributing factor. Functional movement screening (FMS) has been used to identify alterations in normal movement which may contribute to injury risk, though this test is not normally performed in a fatigued state. The aim of this study was to determine whether fatigue induced by the dance aerobic fitness test (DAFT) results in changes in FMS scores with implications for performance and injury risk. METHODS: Forty-one university dancers completed the FMS before and immediately after completion of the DAFT. Rate of perceived exertion and heart rate were quantified as measures of fatigue. RESULTS: Post-DAFT, the mean FMS composite score (15.39±1.86) was significantly less (p≤0.01) than the pre-exercise score (16.83±1.83). Element-specific analysis revealed that the deep squat, non-dominant lunge, and dominant inline lunge scores were all significantly impaired post-DAFT (all p≤0.01). CONCLUSION: The identification of changes in quality of movement in a fatigued state suggests that movement screening should also be performed post-exercise to enhance screening for injury risk. The influence of dance-specific fatigue was FMS element-specific. Specifically, the deep squat and inline lunge were most susceptible to fatigue, with implications for injury risk and performance and reflective of the high level of neuromuscular control required.

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