scholarly journals The effect of low- vs high-cadence interval training on the freely chosen cadence and performance in endurance-trained cyclists

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 666-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Whitty ◽  
Aron J. Murphy ◽  
Aaron J. Coutts ◽  
Mark L. Watsford
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Cadence

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of high- and low-cadence interval training on the freely chosen cadence (FCC) and performance in endurance-trained cyclists. Sixteen male endurance-trained cyclists completed a series of submaximal rides at 60% maximal power (Wmax) at cadences of 50, 70, 90, and 110 r·min−1, and their FCC to determine their preferred cadence, gross efficiency (GE), rating of perceived exertion, and crank torque profile. Performance was measured via a 15-min time trial, which was preloaded with a cycle at 60% Wmax. Following the testing, the participants were randomly assigned to a high-cadence (HC) (20% above FCC) or a low-cadence (LC) (20% below FCC) group for 18 interval-based training sessions over 6 weeks. The HC group increased their FCC from 92 to 101 r·min−1 after the intervention (p = 0.01), whereas the LC group remained unchanged (93 r·min−1). GE increased from 22.7% to 23.6% in the HC group at 90 r·min−1 (p = 0.05), from 20.0% to 20.9% at 110 r·min−1 (p = 0.05), and from 22.8% to 23.2% at their FCC. Both groups significantly increased their total distance and average power output following training, with the LC group recording a superior performance measure. There were minimal changes to the crank torque profile in both groups following training. This study demonstrated that the FCC can be altered with HC interval training and that the determinants of the optimal cycling cadence are multifactorial and not completely understood. Furthermore, LC interval training may significantly improve time-trial results of short duration as a result of an increase in strength development or possible neuromuscular adaptations.

Increased Cardiorespiratory Stress During Submaximal Cycling After Ketone Monoester Ingestion in Endurance-Trained Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin Goddard McCarthy ◽  
William Bostad ◽  
Fiona Jane Powley ◽  
Jonathan P. Little ◽  
Douglas Richards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Bolus Dose ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Threshold Intensity ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
And Performance

There is growing interest in the effect of exogenous ketone body supplementation on exercise responses and performance. The limited studies to date have yielded equivocal data, likely due in part to differences in dosing strategy, increase in blood ketones, and participant training status. Using a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced design, we examined the effect of ingesting a ketone monoester (KE) supplement (600 mg/kg body mass) or flavour-matched placebo in endurance-trained adults (n=10 males, n=9 females; VO2peak=57±8 ml/kg/min). Participants performed a 30-min cycling bout at ventilatory threshold intensity (71±3% VO2peak), followed 15 min later by a 3 kJ/kg body mass time-trial. KE versus placebo ingestion increased plasma [β-hydroxybutyrate] before exercise (3.9±1.0 vs 0.2±0.3 mM, p<0.0001, dz=3.4), ventilation (77±17 vs 71±15 L/min, p<0.0001, dz=1.3) and heart rate (155±11 vs 150±11 beats/min, p<0.001, dz=1.2) during exercise, and rating of perceived exertion at the end of exercise (15.4±1.6 vs 14.5±1.2, p<0.01, dz=0.85). Plasma [β-hydroxybutyrate] remained higher after KE vs placebo ingestion before the time-trial (3.5±1.0 vs 0.3±0.2 mM, p<0.0001, dz=3.1), but performance was not different (KE: 16:25±2:50 vs placebo: 16:06±2:40 min:s, p=0.20; dz=0.31). We conclude that acute ingestion of a relatively large KE bolus dose increased markers of cardiorespiratory stress during submaximal exercise in endurance-trained participants. Novelty bullets: •Limited studies have yielded equivocal data regarding exercise responses after acute ketone body supplementation. •Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced design, we found that ingestion of a large bolus dose of a commercial ketone monoester supplement increased markers of cardiorespiratory stress during cycling at ventilatory threshold intensity in endurance-trained adults.

Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing in the Fed State: Lack of Enhancement of Time-Trial Performance

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milou Beelen ◽  
Jort Berghuis ◽  
Ben Bonaparte ◽  
Sam B. Ballak ◽  
Asker E. Jeukendrup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Mouth Rinsing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trial Performance

It has been reported previously that mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate-containing solution can improve cycling performance. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the impact of such a carbohydrate mouth rinse on exercise performance during a simulated time trial in a more practical, postprandial setting. Fourteen male endurance-trained athletes were selected to perform 2 exercise tests in the morning after consuming a standardized breakfast. They performed an ~1-hr time trial on a cycle ergometer while rinsing their mouths with either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution (CHO) or water (PLA) after every 12.5% of the set amount of work. Borg’s rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed after every 25% of the set amount of work, and power output and heart rate were recorded continuously throughout the test. Performance time did not differ between treatments and averaged 68.14 ± 1.14 and 67.52 ± 1.00 min in CHO and PLA, respectively (p = .57). In accordance, average power output (265 ± 5 vs. 266 ± 5 W, p = .58), heart rate (169 ± 2 vs. 168 ± 2 beats/min, p = .43), and RPE (16.4 ± 0.3 vs. 16.7 ± 0.3 W, p = .26) did not differ between treatments. Furthermore, after dividing the trial into 8s, no differences in power output, heart rate, or perceived exertion were observed over time between treatments. Carbohydrate mouth rinsing does not improve time-trial performance when exercise is performed in a practical, postprandial setting.

scholarly journals The Influence of Different Training Load Quantification Methods on the Fitness-Fatigue Model

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Kobe M. Vermeire ◽  
Freek Van de Casteele ◽  
Maxim Gosseries ◽  
Jan G. Bourgois ◽  
Michael Ghijs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Fatigue Model ◽  
Stress Score ◽  
Training Stress ◽  
Training Impulse

Purpose: Numerous methods exist to quantify training load (TL). However, the relationship with performance is not fully understood. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the existing TL quantification methods on performance modeling and the outcome parameters of the fitness-fatigue model. Methods: During a period of 8 weeks, 9 subjects performed 3 interval training sessions per week. Performance was monitored weekly by means of a 3-km time trial on a cycle ergometer. After this training period, subjects stopped training for 3 weeks but still performed a weekly time trial. For all training sessions, Banister training impulse (TRIMP), Lucia TRIMP, Edwards TRIMP, training stress score, and session rating of perceived exertion were calculated. The fitness-fatigue model was fitted for all subjects and for all TL methods. Results: The error in relating TL to performance was similar for all methods (Banister TRIMP: 618 [422], Lucia TRIMP: 625 [436], Edwards TRIMP: 643 [465], training stress score: 639 [448], session rating of perceived exertion: 558 [395], and kilojoules: 596 [505]). However, the TL methods evolved differently over time, which was reflected in the differences between the methods in the calculation of the day before performance on which training has the biggest positive influence (range of 19.6 d). Conclusions: The authors concluded that TL methods cannot be used interchangeably because they evolve differently.

scholarly journals Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant supplementation improves 8 km time trial performance in middle-aged trained male cyclists

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Broome ◽  
A. J. Braakhuis ◽  
C. J. Mitchell ◽  
T. L. Merry
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Nutritional Strategy ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Respiratory Gases

Abstract Background Exercise increases skeletal muscle reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which may contribute to the onset of muscular fatigue and impair athletic performance. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants such as MitoQ, which contains a ubiquinone moiety and is targeted to mitochondria through the addition of a lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cation, are becoming popular amongst active individuals as they are designed to accumulate within mitochondria and may provide targeted protection against exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, the effect of MitoQ supplementation on cycling performance is currently unknown. Here, we investigate whether MitoQ supplementation can improve cycling performance measured as time to complete an 8 km time trial. Method In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 19 middle-aged (age: 44 ± 4 years) recreationally trained (VO2peak: 58.5 ± 6.2 ml·kg− 1·min− 1, distance cycled per week during 6 months prior to study enrollment: 158.3 ± 58.4 km) male cyclists completed 45 min cycling at 70% VO2peak followed by an 8 km time trial after 28 days of supplementation with MitoQ (20 mg·day− 1) and a placebo. Free F2-isoprostanes were measured in plasma samples collected at rest, after 45 min cycling at 70% VO2peak and after completion of the time trial. Respiratory gases and measures of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were also collected. Results Mean completion time for the time trial was 1.3% faster with MitoQ (12.91 ± 0.94 min) compared to placebo (13.09 ± 0.95 min, p = 0.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.64], d = 0.2). There was no difference in RPE during the time trial between conditions (p = 0.82) despite there being a 4.4% increase in average power output during the time trial following MitoQ supplementation compared to placebo (placebo; 270 ± 51 W, MitoQ; 280 ± 53 W, p = 0.04, 95% CI [0.49, 8.22], d = 0.2). Plasma F2-isoprostanes were lower on completion of the time trial following MitoQ supplementation (35.89 ± 13.6 pg·ml− 1) compared to placebo (44.7 ± 16.9 pg·ml− 1p = 0.03). Conclusion These data suggest that MitoQ supplementation may be an effective nutritional strategy to attenuate exercise-induced increases in oxidative damage to lipids and improve cycling performance.

scholarly journals Association Between Preseason Training and Performance in Elite Australian Football

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Callum J. McCaskie ◽  
Warren B. Young ◽  
Brendan B. Fahrner ◽  
Marc Sim
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Australian Football League ◽  
Football Team ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
And Performance

Purpose: To examine the association between preseason training variables and subsequent in-season performance in an elite Australian football team. Methods: Data from 41 elite male Australian footballers (mean [SD] age = 23.4 [3.1] y, height =188.4 [7.1] cm, and mass = 86.7 [7.9] kg) were collected from 1 Australian Football League (AFL) club. Preseason training data (external load, internal load, fitness testing, and session participation) were collected across the 17-wk preseason phase (6 and 11 wk post-Christmas). Champion Data© Player Rank (CDPR), coaches’ ratings, and round 1 selection were used as in-season performance measures. CDPR and coaches’ ratings were examined over the entire season, first half of the season, and the first 4 games. Both Pearson and partial (controlling for AFL age) correlations were calculated to assess if any associations existed between preseason training variables and in-season performance measures. A median split was also employed to differentiate between higher- and lower-performing players for each performance measure. Results: Preseason training activities appeared to have almost no association with performance measured across the entire season and the first half of the season. However, many preseason training variables were significantly linked with performance measured across the first 4 games. Preseason training variables that were measured post-Christmas were the most strongly associated with in-season performance measures. Specifically, total on-field session rating of perceived exertion post-Christmas, a measurement of internal load, displayed the greatest association with performance. Conclusion: Late preseason training (especially on-field match-specific training) is associated with better performance in the early season.

scholarly journals Improved 1000-m Running Performance and Pacing Strategy With Caffeine and Placebo: A Balanced Placebo Design Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Hurst ◽  
Lieke Schipof-Godart ◽  
Florentina Hettinga ◽  
Bart Roelands ◽  
Chris Beedie
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Balanced Placebo Design ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Placebo Design

Purpose: To investigate the placebo effect of caffeine on pacing strategy and performance over 1000-m running time trials using a balanced placebo design. Methods: Eleven well-trained male middle-distance athletes performed seven 1000-m time trials (1 familiarization, 2 baseline, and 4 experimental). Experimental trials consisted of the administration of 4 randomized treatments: informed caffeine/received caffeine, informed caffeine/received placebo, informed placebo/received caffeine, and informed placebo/received placebo. Split times were recorded at 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 m, and peak heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were recorded at the completion of the trial. Results: Relative to baseline, participants ran faster during informed caffeine/received caffeine (d = 0.42) and informed caffeine/received placebo (d = 0.43). These changes were associated with an increased pace during the first half of the trial. No differences were shown in pacing or performance between baseline and the informed placebo/received caffeine (d = 0.21) and informed placebo/received placebo (d = 0.10). No differences were reported between treatments for peak heart rate (η2 = .084) and rating of perceived exertion (η2 = .009). Conclusions: The results indicate that the effect of believing to have ingested caffeine improved performance to the same magnitude as actually receiving caffeine. These improvements were associated with an increase in pace during the first half of the time trial.

scholarly journals Protection Against Spikes in Workload With Aerobic Fitness and Playing Experience: The Role of the Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio on Injury Risk in Elite Gaelic Football

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Malone ◽  
Mark Roe ◽  
Dominic A. Doran ◽  
Tim J. Gabbett ◽  
Kieran D. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Injury Protection

Purpose:To examine the association between combined session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) workload measures and injury risk in elite Gaelic footballers.Methods:Thirty-seven elite Gaelic footballers (mean ± SD age 24.2 ± 2.9 y) from 1 elite squad were involved in a single-season study. Weekly workload (session RPE multiplied by duration) and all time-loss injuries (including subsequent-wk injuries) were recorded during the period. Rolling weekly sums and wk-to-wk changes in workload were measured, enabling the calculation of the acute:chronic workload ratio by dividing acute workload (ie, 1-weekly workload) by chronic workload (ie, rolling-average 4-weekly workload). Workload measures were then modeled against data for all injuries sustained using a logistic-regression model. Odds ratios (ORs) were reported against a reference group.Results:High 1-weekly workloads (≥2770 arbitrary units [AU], OR = 1.63–6.75) were associated with significantly higher risk of injury than in a low-training-load reference group (<1250 AU). When exposed to spikes in workload (acute:chronic workload ratio >1.5), players with 1 y experience had a higher risk of injury (OR = 2.22) and players with 2–3 (OR = 0.20) and 4–6 y (OR = 0.24) of experience had a lower risk of injury. Players with poorer aerobic fitness (estimated from a 1-km time trial) had a higher injury risk than those with higher aerobic fitness (OR = 1.50–2.50). An acute:chronic workload ratio of (≥2.0) demonstrated the greatest risk of injury.Conclusions:These findings highlight an increased risk of injury for elite Gaelic football players with high (>2.0) acute:chronic workload ratios and high weekly workloads. A high aerobic capacity and playing experience appears to offer injury protection against rapid changes in workload and high acute:chronic workload ratios. Moderate workloads, coupled with moderate to high changes in the acute:chronic workload ratio, appear to be protective for Gaelic football players.

Carbohydrate Drink Use During 30 Minutes of Variable-Intensity Exercise Has No Effect on Exercise Performance in Premenarchal Girls

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
C. Eric Heidorn ◽  
Brandon J. Dykstra ◽  
Cori A. Conner ◽  
Anthony D. Mahon
Keyword(s):  
Peak Power ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Fatigue Index ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Power Peak ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance

Purpose: This study examined the physiological, perceptual, and performance effects of a 6% carbohydrate (CHO) drink during variable-intensity exercise (VIE) and a postexercise test in premenarchal girls. Methods: A total of 10 girls (10.4 [0.7] y) participated in the study. VO2peak was assessed, and the girls were familiarized with VIE and performance during the first visit. The trial order (CHO and placebo) was randomly assigned for subsequent visits. The drinks were given before VIE bouts and 1-minute performance (9 mL/kg total). Two 15-minute bouts of VIE were completed (10 repeated sequences of 20%, 55%, and 95% power at VO2peak and maximal sprints) before a 1-minute performance sprint. Results: The mean power, peak power, heart rate (HR), %HRpeak, and rating of perceived exertion during VIE did not differ between trials. However, the peak power decreased, and the rating of perceived exertion increased from the first to the second bout. During the 1-minute performance, there were no differences between the trial (CHO vs placebo) for HR (190 [9] vs 189 [9] bpm), %HRpeak (97.0% [3.2%] vs 96.6% [3.0%]), rating of perceived exertion (7.8 [2.3] vs 8.1 [1.9]), peak power (238 [70] vs 235 [60] W), fatigue index (54.7% [10.0%] vs 55.9% [12.8%]), or total work (9.4 [2.6] vs 9.4 [2.1] kJ). Conclusion: CHO supplementation did not alter physiological, perceptual, or performance responses during 30 minutes of VIE or postexercise sprint performance in premenarchal girls.

scholarly journals Performance and Recovery of Well-Trained Younger and Older Athletes during Different HIIT Protocols

Sports ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Laura Hottenrott ◽  
Martin Möhle ◽  
Sarah Feichtinger ◽  
Sascha Ketelhut ◽  
Oliver Stoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Older Athletes

Due to physiological and morphological differences, younger and older athletes may recover differently from training loads. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols are useful for studying the progression of recovery. It was the objective of this study to determine age differences in performance and recovery following different HIIT protocols. Methods: 12 younger (24.5 ± 3.7 years) and 12 older (47.3 ± 8.6 years) well-trained cyclists and triathletes took part in this study. Between the age groups there were no significant differences in relative peak power to fat-free mass, maximal heart rate (HR), training volume, and VO2max-percentiles (%). Participants performed different HIIT protocols consisting of 4 × 30 s Wingate tests with different active rest intervals (1, 3, or 10 min). Peak and average power, lactate, HR, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), subjective rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and recovery (Total Quality Recovery scale, TQR) were assessed. Results: During the different HIIT protocols, metabolic, cardiovascular, and subjective recovery were similar between the two groups. No significant differences were found in average lactate concentration, peak and average power, fatigue (%), %HRmax, RER, RPE, and TQR values between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that recovery following HIIT does not differ between the two age groups. Furthermore, older and younger participants displayed similar lactate kinetics after the intermittent exercise protocols.

On- Versus Off-Bike Power Training in Professional Cyclists: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro L. Valenzuela ◽  
Jaime Gil-Cabrera ◽  
Eduardo Talavera ◽  
Lidia B. Alejo ◽  
Almudena Montalvo-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Power Training ◽  
Sprint Training

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of resistance power training (RPT, training with the individualized load and repetitions that maximize power output) and cycling power training (CPT, short sprint training) in professional cyclists. Methods: The participants (20 [2] y, peak oxygen uptake 78.0 [4.4] mL·kg−1·min−1) were randomly assigned to perform CPT (n = 8) or RPT (n = 10) in addition to their usual training regime for 7 weeks (2 sessions/wk). The training loads were continuously registered using the session rating of perceived exertion. The outcomes included endurance performance (8-min time trial and incremental test), as well as measures of muscle strength/power (1-repetition maximum and mean maximum propulsive power on the squat, hip thrust, and lunge exercises) and body composition (assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). Results: No between-group differences were found for training loads or for any outcome (P > .05). Both interventions resulted in increased time-trial performance, as well as in improvements in other endurance-related outcomes (ie, ventilatory threshold, respiratory compensation point; P < .05). A significant or quasi-significant increase (P = .068 and .047 for CPT and RPT, respectively) in bone mineral content was observed after both interventions. A significant reduction in fat mass (P = .017), along with a trend (P = .059) toward a reduced body mass, was observed after RPT, but not CPT (P = .076 for the group × time interaction effect). Significant benefits (P < .05) were also observed for most strength-related outcomes after RPT, but not CPT. Conclusion: CPT and RPT are both effective strategies for the improvement of endurance performance and bone health in professional cyclists, although the latter tends to result in greater improvements in body composition and muscle strength/power.

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