scholarly journals Benefits of Rural Biogas Implementation to Economy and Environment: Boyolali Case Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakaria Tazi Hnyine ◽  
Saut Sagala ◽  
Wahyu Lubis ◽  
Dodon Yamin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Environmental Preservation ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Direct And Indirect Benefits

Selo, a small agricultural-based village in Boyolali, Central-Java, Indonesia has initiated small-scale rural biogas adoption as it presumably reduces the consumption of LPG, firewood, chemical fertilizer and (women’s) overall workload, which especially suitable due to the relatively high use of cattle in that area As environmental problems such as global warming from fossil fuel consumption and land degradation from deforestation and overuse of chemical fertilizers, and socio-economic problems as gender empowerment and self-sufficiency are becoming more pressing, it is useful to analyse the benefits of biogas as an alternative renewable energy technology (RET) provision in rural areas. This paper aims to assess the benefits of rural biogas adoption from an economic perspective, through calculating the direct and indirect benefits obtained from biogas adoption in Selo. For this, a field survey was carried out in Selo to ask questions to biogas users (N=21) and non-users (N=5) on their energy and fertilizer consumption, as well as emissions reductions resulting from biogas adoption. Based on the analysis, oon average, a household with biogas saves 490 kWh month–1, 20,000 IDR month–1,185 kg CO2e month–1.Chemical fertilizer consumption remains remarkably high, which may due to a lack of awareness on the potential of digester slurry by the farmers, for indeed, reduction of chemical fertilizer use would help address some environmental problems. Biogas quality of one household has also been determined by comparing its heating value to that of methane; the methane percentage (MP) was approximately 31%. The quality is considerably lower than expected from the literature (i.e. around 60%), which may be due to the farmers neither mixing nor supplying water to the dung. Trainings providing methods for improving digester overall effectiveness to particularly the women-folk may enhance digester management and thus biogas production, as they form the main primary operatives. Despite the room for improvement, the existing results clearly show that biogas adoption significantly reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, household energy costs, workload, improves environmental conditions and generates income through carbon credit exchange. Therefore, under the notions of sustainable development, environmental preservation and self-sufficiency, policy makers and NGOs should expedite their support in biogas development, e.g. by providing subsidies and awareness raising.

Impact of Surplus Labor Existence on Land Lease Market in Rural Central Java

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Ernoiz Antriyandarti ◽  
Susi Wuri Ani
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Surplus Labor ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Objective - The Indonesian rice sector seems to lose global competitiveness, and the government intervenes in the market to achieve food self-sufficiency. Particularly, in the main rice producing areas of Central Java, the rice sector does not have a comparative and competitive advantage due to small farm size. Then, we need to investigate the reasons why the farm sizes of rice producers are still small. Methodology/Technique - We hypothesize that the existence of surplus labor in rural areas restrains farm size enlargement. Therefore, we need to examine the existence of surplus labor in study area. By using the empirical model of the Cobb Douglas production function, we test the hypothesis of surplus labor. The estimation result shows that there is a surplus of labor in the study area. Findings - In addition, we examine the impact of surplus labor on land lease market in rural area. This study proves empirically that there is surplus labor in rural areas; therefore, farmers have difficulty finding job opportunities in sectors other than farming. In such a case, they prefer to cultivate rather than lease their land. Novelty - This result implies that the existence of surplus labor restricts the number of land lease contract. As a result, the land lease supply in the land lease market has become very limited. Thus, the existence of surplus labor in rural areas would be a constraint of farm size enlargement. This is the first study which explores the relationship between surplus labor and land lease market in the main rice producer area in Central Java. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Impact; Existence; Surplus Labour; Land Lease Market; Farm Size Enlargement. JEL Classification: E24, H83.

Biogas in organic agriculture—effects on productivity, energy self-sufficiency and greenhouse gas emissions

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siri Pugesgaard ◽  
Jørgen E. Olesen ◽  
Uffe Jørgensen ◽  
Tommy Dalgaard
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Energy Surplus ◽  
Nitrogen Flows

AbstractAnaerobic digestion of manure and crops provides the possibility of a combined production of renewable energy and organic fertilizer on organic farms and has been suggested as an option to improve sustainability of organic agriculture. In the present study, the consequences of implementation of anaerobic digestion and biogas production were analyzed on a 1000 ha model farm with combined dairy and cash crop production, representing organic agriculture in Denmark. The effects on crop rotation, nitrogen flows and losses, yield, energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were evaluated for four scenarios of biogas production on the farm. Animal manure was digested for biogas production in all scenarios and was supplemented with: (1) 100 ha grass–clover for biogas, (2) 100 ha maize for biogas, (3) 200 ha grass–clover for biogas and reduced number of livestock, and (4) 200 ha grass–clover for biogas, reduced number of livestock and import of biomass from cuttings made in ungrazed meadows. These four scenarios were compared with the current situation in organic agriculture in Denmark and to a situation where slurry from conventional agriculture is no longer imported. Implementation of anaerobic digestion changed the nitrogen flows on the farm by increasing the slurry nitrogen plant availability and introducing new nitrogen sources from legume-based energy crops or meadows. The amount of nitrogen available for application as fertilizer on the farm increased when grass–clover was used for biogas production, but decreased when maize was used. Since part of the area was used for biogas production, the total output of foodstuffs from the farm was decreased. Effects on GHG emissions and net energy production were assessed by use of the whole-farm model FarmGHG. A positive farm energy balance was obtained for all biogas scenarios, showing that biomass production for biogas on 10% of the farm area results in an energy surplus, provided that the heat from the electricity production is utilized. The energy surplus implies a displacement of fossil fuels and thereby reduced CO2 emission from the farm. Emissions of N2O were not affected substantially by biogas production. Total emissions of methane (CH4) were slightly decreased due to a 17–48% decrease in emissions from the manure store. Net GHG emission was reduced by 35–85% compared with the current situation in organic agriculture. It was concluded that production of biogas on organic farms holds the possibility for the farms to achieve a positive energy balance, provide self-sufficiency with organic fertilizer nitrogen, and reduce GHG emissions.

scholarly journals IMPROVEMENT OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2/2021) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Abdelhani Chaabna ◽  
Samia Semcheddine
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Control Law ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Environmental Preservation ◽  
Linear Technique

The production of biogas enables environmental preservation and sustainable development of rural areas and landlocked regions, as well as diversification of renewable energy resources. This paper is a contribution to improving the production of biogas by Sliding Mode Control (SMC). In the literature there are many models describing the behaviour of reactions during anaerobic digestion and used for control design. The AM2 model is one of the simplest models and can be exploited easily for the control design purposes. In this paper, the reduced model AM2 was exploited to develop and testing by simulations the robust control law SMC. The results obtained have proved the effectiveness of the control method proposed in this paper. A study of the robustness for monitoring and disturbances rejection demonstrated the great interest of this method, which is a non-linear technique and gives very good results in terms of robustness but it presents the problem of chattering. In practice, the chattering of the control action can cause premature wear of the actuators or parts of the system due to heavy oscillations. The chattering phenomenon is caused by the discontinuous term which appears in the control signal. This paper presents a solution to the chattering problem by replacing the discontinuous term with a continuous one. Different Simulations and comparisons are presented and interpreted with satisfactory results.

Biogas Source of Energy and Solution to the Environment Problems in Rwanda

2014 ◽  
Vol 705 ◽  
pp. 268-272
Author(s):  
Anastase Rwigema
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Human Excreta ◽  
Biogas Technology

In Africa especially in Rwanda, the development of Biogas technology is imperative for development to occur in sustainable manner. Using large centralized power generation facilities to provide electricity to rural population and communities is very expensive and non-viable in Rwanda due to lack of a well dispersed electric grid. In Addition, use of non-renewable fossil fuels is resulting in increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and attendant increased drivers for climate change. Development of Biogas systems serves the purposes of solving sanitation, energy and environmental problems by improving good health conditions and providing a source of energy for cooking and lighting to the communities and households contributing also to the decrease of GHG emissions. In Rwanda, there are 14 prisons, after genocide of 1994, the inmates increased up to 60,000. Number of prisoners was from 2,000 up to 7,500 prisoners in one prison [6]. This high number of inmates caused serious sanitation and environmental problems. Indeed the septic tanks became full and human excreta started to overflow and pollute the environment. In addition, a very big quantity of fuel wood was used for cooking inmates’ food; the consequence was the degradation of the environment. Similar problems were observed in schools. Solution to the mentioned problems was construction of Biogas systems. In Rwanda only about 16% of the population have access to electricity. In order to reduce that deficit of energy, Rwanda Government is developing other sources of energy particularly Biogas for rural areas which so far do not have connection to the national electricity grid. Big size (100 m3) and small size (4, 6, 8 and 10 m3) bio-digesters are installed in several institutions and households and they provide enough Biogas for cooking and lighting in steady of using firewood which is becoming scarce in many areas of the country and their usage as source of energy causes pollution through production of Carbon dioxide (CO2) released in the atmosphere. A study made by SNV (Netherlands Cooperation Development Agency) shows that a domestic bio-digester reduces 4.6 tons of (CO2) per year. Hence, calculation made indicates that the 3,000 domestic bio-digesters currently operational in Rwanda allow to reduce 13,800 tons of Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per year. As organic wastes particularly human excreta and other digestible biomass are available everywhere, biogas technology can be developed in all the countries worldwide.

scholarly journals The Potential of Agricultural Biogas Production in Ukraine—Impact on GHG Emissions and Energy Production

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5755
Author(s):  
Adam Wąs ◽  
Piotr Sulewski ◽  
Vitaliy Krupin ◽  
Nazariy Popadynets ◽  
Agata Malak-Rawlikowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy Production ◽  
Biogas Plants

Renewable energy production is gaining importance in the context of global climate changes. However, in some countries other aspects increasing the role of renewable energy production are also present. Such a country is Ukraine, which is not self-sufficient in energy supply and whose dependency on poorly diversified import of energy carriers regularly leads to political tensions and has socio-economic implications. Production of agricultural biogas seems to be a way to both slow down climatic changes and increase energy self-sufficiency by replacing or complementing conventional sources of energy. One of the most substantial barriers to agricultural biogas production is the low level of agricultural concentration and significant economies of scale in constructing biogas plants. The aim of the paper was thus to assess the potential of agricultural biogas production in Ukraine, including its impact on energy self-sufficiency, mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the economic performance of biogas plants. The results show that due to the prevailing fragmentation of farms, most manure cannot be processed in an economically viable way. However, in some regions utilization of technically available manure for agricultural biogas production could cover up to 11% of natural gas or up to 19% of electricity demand. While the theoretical potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions could reach 5% to 6.14%, the achievable technical potential varies between 2.3% and 2.8% of total emissions. The economic performance of agricultural biogas plants correlates closely with their size and bioenergy generation potential.

scholarly journals International overview on waste to biofuel options with a focsu on waste potentials in Germany and funding incentives in the EC

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-191
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Double Counting ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ghg Reduction

Biofuels represent a possibility to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within the transport sector. In this context the sustainability of biofuels, especially so called 1st generation biofuels led to controversial discussions in the past. Biofuels from waste and residues represent a well suited but quantitative limited alternative due to their sustainability. At an international level, different approaches for converting waste and residues into biofuels can be found. Developing countries in general use classic transesterification of waste fats to produce biodiesel. Technically advanced options such as pyrolysis, gasification, Fischer-Tropsch-Diesel, anaerobic fermentation and distillation, as well as biogas production coupled with biomethane upgrading, are mostly found in industrialized countries. Within this study, different waste to biofuel options are reviewed ranging from small scale to industrial scale and take into account used raw materials, technological application and (potential) GHG-reduction. Further the potential of several wastes and residues for gasification processes and synthesis of biofuels in Germany is described. Biofuel from waste offers promising funding incentives because of the “double counting” according to 2009/28/EC and the switch in mandatory blending from an amount based quota to a GHG-based blending quota in 2015.

scholarly journals Portable Biogas Digesters for Domestic Use in Jordanian Villages

Recycling ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammar Alkhalidi ◽  
Mohamad K. Khawaja ◽  
Khaled A. Amer ◽  
Audai S. Nawafleh ◽  
Mohammad A. Al-Safadi
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Animal Waste ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Natural Energy ◽  
Domestic Use

Essential energy needs are not always met in poor and rural areas of developing counties; therefore, natural energy sources are necessary to mitigate this problem. Rural areas inhabitants utilize methane as a replacement for cooking gas to reduce their gas bill. Methane gas can be produced from a biogas digester; however, operating a large digester in a densely populated village in Jordan can be challenging due to inefficient village waste management systems. On the other hand, using a small-scale portable biogas digester to generate biogas could overcome these problems. In this work, three biogas digester feedstocks for a small portable biogas digester from natural sources available in Jordanian villages such as human and animal waste were designed and evaluated. The three feedstocks are food waste, human waste, and a mixture of human and food waste. The parameters tested were the digester size and the biogas production. The results showed that the best digester for portable application was that which digested a mixture of human and food waste; for a five-member family, this type of digester provided 115% of the family’s cooking gas requirements with a digester volume of 0.54 m3. This design, while applicable for a typical rural Jordanian family, can also be utilized globally.

scholarly journals Use of local resources as co-substrates in a farm-scale biogas plant

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 650-660
Author(s):  
Satu Ervasti ◽  
Markku Vainio ◽  
Elina Tampio
Keyword(s):  
Biogas Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Cattle Slurry ◽  
Fertilizer Value ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
Methane Potential ◽  
High Concentrations

AbstractBiogas production is an established technology that is suitable for small-scale decentralized solutions, for example, on dairy cattle farms where manure is formed all year round. Cattle slurry can be co-digested with other organic biomasses to boost the production of renewable energy. The aim of this study was to outline the suitability of locally available co-substrates that are characteristic to the northern rural area in Lapland, Finland. Twelve different co-substrates originating from agriculture, reindeer meat production, fisheries and food processing were studied for their chemical characteristics and biochemical methane potential (BMP) in laboratory tests. As a result, all the tested co-substrates had a higher BMP than the cattle slurry, which could be a useful boost for farm-scale energy production. The BMP was the highest for used vegetable oil (851 l/kg VS) followed by the rainbow trout by-products (728 l/kg VS). BMP was the lowest for spoiled grass silage (265 l/kg VS) and the rumen contents of reindeer (289 l/kg VS). All substrates had high concentrations of the main nutrients, and small fish especially were rich in phosphorus (7.4 g/kg) and nitrogen (24.2 g/kg). Nutrient rich co-substrates increase the fertilizer value of digestate and the nutrient self-sufficiency of the farm.

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