Effective SSB Beam Radiation Pattern for RF-EMF Maximum Exposure Assessment to 5G Base Stations Using Massive MIMO Antennas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kopacz ◽  
Sascha Schiesl ◽  
Anna-Malin Schiffarth ◽  
Dirk Heberling
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Radiation Pattern ◽  
Massive Mimo ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Beam Radiation ◽  
Mimo Antennas ◽  
Maximum Exposure

scholarly journals Multi Beam Dielectric Lens Antenna for 5G Base Station

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farizah Ansarudin ◽  
Tharek Abd Rahman ◽  
Yoshihide Yamada ◽  
Nurul Huda Abd Rahman ◽  
Kamilia Kamardin
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Pattern ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Beam Radiation ◽  
Lens Antenna ◽  
Millimetre Wave ◽  
Small Curvature ◽  
Lens Antennas ◽  
Base Station Antennas ◽  
Dielectric Lens

In the 5G mobile system, new features such as millimetre wave operation, small cell size and multi beam are requested at base stations. At millimetre wave, the base station antennas become very small in size, which is about 30 cm; thus, dielectric lens antennas that have excellent multi beam radiation pattern performance are suitable candidates. For base station application, the lens antennas with small thickness and small curvature are requested for light weight and ease of installation. In this paper, a new lens shaping method for thin and small lens curvature is proposed. In order to develop the thin lens antenna, comparisons of antenna structures with conventional aperture distribution lens and Abbe’s sine lens are made. Moreover, multi beam radiation pattern of three types of lenses are compared. As a result, the thin and small curvature of the proposed lens and an excellent multi beam radiation pattern are ensured.

scholarly journals Massive MIMO antenna system for 5G base stations with directive ports and switched beamsteering capabilities

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1709-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monjed A. Al‐Tarifi ◽  
Mohammad S. Sharawi ◽  
Atif Shamim
Keyword(s):  
Massive Mimo ◽  
Antenna System ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Mimo Antenna

scholarly journals A Monte Carlo Analysis of Actual Maximum Exposure From a 5G Millimeter-Wave Base Station Antenna for EMF Compliance Assessments

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Xu ◽  
David Anguiano Sanjurjo ◽  
Davide Colombi ◽  
Christer Törnevik
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Wave Radio ◽  
Maximum Exposure

International radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessment standards and regulatory bodies have developed methods and specified requirements to assess the actual maximum RF EMF exposure from radio base stations enabling massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and beamforming. Such techniques are based on the applications of power reduction factors (PRFs), which lead to more realistic, albeit conservative, exposure assessments. In this study, the actual maximum EMF exposure and the corresponding PRFs are computed for a millimeter-wave radio base station array antenna. The computed incident power densities based on near-field and far-field approaches are derived using a Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that the actual maximum exposure is well below the theoretical maximum, and the PRFs similar to those applicable for massive MIMO radio base stations operating below 6 GHz are also applicable for millimeter-wave frequencies. Despite the very low power levels that currently characterize millimeter-wave radio base stations, using the far-field approach can also guarantee the conservativeness of the PRFs used to assess the actual maximum exposure close to the antenna.

scholarly journals Application of cell-free massive MIMO in 5G and beyond 5G wireless networks: a survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hope Ikoghene Obakhena ◽  
Agbotiname Lucky Imoize ◽  
Francis Ifeanyi Anyasi ◽  
K. V. N. Kavitha
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Massive Mimo ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Central Processing

AbstractIn recent times, the rapid growth in mobile subscriptions and the associated demand for high data rates fuels the need for a robust wireless network design to meet the required capacity and coverage. Deploying massive numbers of cellular base stations (BSs) over a geographic area to fulfill high-capacity demands and broad network coverage is quite challenging due to inter-cell interference and significant rate variations. Cell-free massive MIMO (CF-mMIMO), a key enabler for 5G and 6G wireless networks, has been identified as an innovative technology to address this problem. In CF-mMIMO, many irregularly scattered single access points (APs) are linked to a central processing unit (CPU) via a backhaul network that coherently serves a limited number of mobile stations (MSs) to achieve high energy efficiency (EE) and spectral gains. This paper presents key areas of applications of CF-mMIMO in the ubiquitous 5G, and the envisioned 6G wireless networks. First, a foundational background on massive MIMO solutions-cellular massive MIMO, network MIMO, and CF-mMIMO is presented, focusing on the application areas and associated challenges. Additionally, CF-mMIMO architectures, design considerations, and system modeling are discussed extensively. Furthermore, the key areas of application of CF-mMIMO such as simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), channel hardening, hardware efficiency, power control, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), spectral efficiency (SE), and EE are discussed exhaustively. Finally, the research directions, open issues, and lessons learned to stimulate cutting-edge research in this emerging domain of wireless communications are highlighted.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document