scholarly journals A varíola em Portugal no século XVI, a partir dos comentários médicos de Garcia Lopes: transmissão, sintomas e tratamento

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 166-182
Author(s):  
Emília Maria Rocha de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Erythema Infectiosum ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
Fifth Disease

Resumo Atualmente conhecemos por exantema um conjunto de erupções cutâneas que costumam acompanhar doenças infeciosas de maior ou menor gravidade, tais como o sarampo, a escarlatina, a rubéola, o eritema infecioso (ou quinta doença), o exantema súbito (ou roséola infantil) e a varicela. A varíola, que haveria de ser dada como erradicada no último quartel do século XX, fazia parte da realidade sanitária portuguesa no século XVI, preocupando os especialistas e atemorizando a população em geral. O médico cristão-novo Garcia Lopes, à semelhança de outros colegas de profissão, não ficou alheio a essa realidade. No livro Commentarii de uaria rei medicae lectione (Antuérpia, 1564), que dedicou ao comentário sobre doenças várias e seu tratamento, o humanista portalegrense, apoiado no seu conhecimento e experiência enquanto clínico, tece considerações sobre a transmissão, os sintomas e o tratamento daquela enfermidade, confrontando-as com o parecer quer de outros médicos seus contemporâneos, como Girolamo Fracastoro, precursor da Microbiologia, quer de insignes autores da Antiguidade, como Galeno. Recorrendo ao método da análise de conteúdo de alguns excertos da obra de Garcia Lopes, procuraremos dar conta do pensamento do médico quinhentista acerca da varíola, para chegarmos a conclusões sobre a forma como, segundo ele, a doença se transmitia, manifestava e devia ser tratada.Palavras-chave: Varíola, Garcia Lopes, História da Medicina Abstract We now know of exanthem as a set of rashes that often accompany infectious diseases of greater or lesser severity, such as measles, scarlet fever, rubella, erythema infectiosum (or fifth disease) roseola infantum (or sixth disease) and varicella. Smallpox, which was to be eradicated in the last quarter of the twentieth century, was part of the Portuguese social-sanitary reality in the sixteenth century, worrying the specialists and frightening the population. The new Christian physician Garcia Lopes, like other colleagues in his profession, was not unaware of this reality. In the book Commentarii de uaria rei medicae lectione (Antwerp, 1564), which he devoted to the commentary on various diseases and their treatment, the humanist from Portalegre, based on his knowledge and experience as a clinician, presents considerations about the transmission, symptoms and treatment of that disease, confronting them with the opinion of medical peers of his day, such as Girolamo Fracastoro, precursor of Microbiology, or of renowned authors of Antiquity, such as Galen. Using the method of content analysis of some excerpts from Garcia Lopes' work, we will attempt to provide an account of the opinion of the 16th century physician on smallpox in order to come to conclusions on how the disease, according to him, was transmitted, manifested and should be treated. Keywords: Smallpox, Garcia Lopes, History of Medicine

scholarly journals Co się stało z konfessyjonistą? Dzieje leksemu w polszczyźnie

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-219
Author(s):  
Paulina Michalska-Górecka
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of

The history of the lexeme konfessyjonista shows that the word is a neologism that functioned in the literature of the sixteenth century in connection with religious documents/books, such as the Protestant confessions. Formally and semantically, it refers to Confessio Augustana, also to her Polish translations, and to the Konfesja sandomierska, as well as konfessyja as a kind of genre. In the Reformation and Counter-Reformation period, the word konfessyja was needed by the Protestants; the word konfessyjonista was derived from him by the Catholics for their needs. The lexeme had an offensive tone and referred to a confessional supporter as a supporter of the Reformation. Perhaps the oldest of his certifications comes from an anonymous text from 1561, the year in which two Polish translations of Augustana were announced. The demand for a konfessyjonista noun probably did not go beyond the 16th century, its notations come only from the 60s, 70s and 80s of this century.

Conclusion

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon Bogdanor
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Intellectual Elites

This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the history of the British constitution in the twentieth century. The findings reveal that while there was widespread confidence in the virtues of the constitution at the beginning of the twentieth century, that confidence seemed to have evaporated. This loss of confidence coincided with a collapse of national self-confidence that had begun in the 1960s when British political and intellectual elites began to come to terms with the fact that Great Britain was falling economically behind her continental competitors.

Reorientation of Confucian Social Thought in the Age of Wang Yangming

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-shih Yü
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Political Thinking ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
New Era ◽  
Wang Yangming ◽  
Merchant Class ◽  
History Of ◽  
Confucian Scholar

This essay examines how the most notable Neo-Confucian scholar Wang Yangming (1472-1529) re-oriented his Confucian project in the context of Ming despotism. It argues that Confucianism took a decidedly new turn in the sixteenth century and that Wang Yangming was at the center of this development from the sixteenth century to the early decades of the eighteenth. Details how Wang shifted the earlier central role of Confucian intellectuals in implementing reforms under the imperial support to enlightening the ordinary Chinese people, specifically including the merchant class, that they could realize the Dao or the Moral Way in their daily lives. This shift not only led to a new era of social and political thinking in the history of Confucianism, but also to the rise of the merchant class to unprecedented social and cultural prominence in the 16th century.

Straight from the Heart: The Great Vibrato Debate

2020 ◽  
pp. 227-238
Author(s):  
Walter S. Reiter
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Essential Aspect ◽  
History Of

Vibrato, its uses and misuses, has been a topic debated for centuries, with sources from all periods agreeing that it is an ornament to heighten expression that should not be over-used, which apparently it often was! This lesson traces the history of vibrato from the sixteenth century until today, using numerous quotes referring both to the violin and to other instruments. The continuous vibrato taught today as an essential aspect of sound production developed only in the twentieth century and was criticized at the time by prominent musicians. The lesson asks for what purpose and how much it was used in the Baroque period, by what technical means it was produced, and to what extent, if at all, it altered the pitch of a note. Two exercises seek to reproduce vibrato techniques as described at the start of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and another investigates how playing chinless affects vibrato.

The female contribution to language studies in Portugal

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-166
Author(s):  
Sónia Coelho ◽  
Susana Fontes ◽  
Rolf Kemmler
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Educational Context ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Women's Role

This chapter analyses the contribution of women to the history of linguistics in Portugal from the sixteenth century until the beginning of the twentieth century. To carry out this investigation archivist, bibliographic, and hemerographic sources have been consulted in order to understand this specific context. It has been used in a variety of sources that are representative of the women’s role in the linguistics field but also in the area of education and in the society in general. These sources range from grammars, dictionaries, and translations to texts on feminine conduct and education, literary and official texts. This essay follows a chronological order with a section for each century. In order to understand the role played by women and the difficulties they faced at that time, each section starts with an educational context, followed by the contributions in the production of materials in the field of linguistics by and for women.

Maritime Archaeological Studies in India

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniruddh S. Gaur ◽  
Kamlesh H. Vora
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Maritime History ◽  
Indian Coast ◽  
Indian Ocean Trade ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed Work

India has played a major role in Indian Ocean trade and the development of shipbuilding technology. The study of the maritime history of India commenced in the first decade of the twentieth century and was largely based on literary data. Maritime archaeological investigations have been undertaken at various places along the Indian coast, such as in Dwarka, Pindara, the Gulf of Khambhat, the Maharashtra coast, the Tamil Nadu coast, etc. Despite a long coastline and a rich maritime history, there are no proper coastal records or records of shipwrecks that are preserved, except some literary references, which suggest a large number of shipwrecks dating between the early sixteenth century and the nineteenth century. This article discusses important shipwrecks on which detailed work is in progress.

Notes on The History of Mathematics

1952 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 546
Author(s):  
Vera Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

The social unrest in England that accompanied the shift from agriculture to grazing as the foreign market demanded more wool and paid better for it, was a serious situation in England in the sixteenth century. It is the basis for one of the few problems which the “Scholer” proposed to the Master in Recorde's Ground of Artes (c. 1542). Its presence in this volume makes one realize that problems of sociological and economic significance have been the concern of textbook writers even before the twentieth century.

Brueghel’s Two Monkeys – a Tiny Painting by Bruegel, a Very Short Poem by Szymborska and the Biggest Problems of Mankind

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Piotr Kołodziej
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner ◽  
Great Power ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
Pieter Bruegel ◽  
Pieter Bruegel The Elder ◽  
Poetic Response

Abstract There is a great power in works of art. Art provides knowledge about human experience, which is not available in another way. Art gives answers to the most important and eternal questions about humanity, even though these answers are never final. Sometimes it happens that works of some artists encourage or provoke a reaction of other artists. Thanks to this in history of culture - across borders of time and space - there lasts a continuous dialogue, a continuous reflection on the essence of human existence.This text shows a fragment of such a dialogue, in which the interlocutors are a sixteenth-century painter Pieter Bruegel the Elder and a twentieth-century poet and Nobel Prize winner Wislawa Szymborska. Szymborska, proposing a masterful interpretation of a tiny painting by Bruegel, poses dramatic questions about human freedom, formulates a poetic response and forces a recipient to reflect on the most important topics.This text also brings up a question of a word - picture relationship, a problem of translation of visual signs to verbal signs, as well as a problem of translation of poetry from one language to another.

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