Keynes on Knowledge, Expectations, and Rationality

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Dow
Keyword(s):  
Economic Methodology ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
Macroeconomic Theory ◽  
Expectation Formation ◽  
Degree Of Confidence

This chapter examines John Maynard Keynes' views on knowledge, expectations, and rationality. It focuses not only on Keynes' ideas on expectation formation but also on the degree of confidence attached to those expectations (i.e., uncertainty) and what this means for macroeconomic theory. After providing a synthetic account of Keynes' ideas on knowledge and expectations, along with his understanding of the source of uncertainty, the chapter considers his emphasis on the role of conventional judgment, and of conventions more generally, as well as the implications of these ideas for how we may understand and use the concept of rationality in a Keynesian framework, alongside considerations of logic and consistency. Keynes' concern with the interplay between individuality and sociality sheds some light on Keynes in relation to the formulation of microfoundations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of Keynes' ideas on knowledge, expectations, and rationality for economic methodology.

Tax evasion in the medical profession An Empirical Study in the General Tax Authority in Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (11) ◽  
pp. 80-88
Author(s):  
Ramyar Rzgar Ahmed ◽  
Hawkar Qasim Birdawod ◽  
S. Rabiyathul Basariya
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Medical Professions ◽  
Shed Light

The study dealt with tax evasion in the medical profession, where the problem was the existence of many cases of tax evasion, especially tax evasion in the income tax of medical professions. The aim of the study is to try to shed light on the phenomenon of tax evasion and the role of the tax authority in the development of controls and means that reduce the phenomenon of tax evasion. The most important results of the low level of tax awareness and lack of knowledge of the tax law and the unwillingness to read it and the sense of taxpayers unfairness of the tax all lead to an increase in cases of tax evasion and in suggested tightening control and follow-up on the offices of auditors, through the investigation and auditing The reports of certified accountants and the use of computers for this purpose in order to raise the degree of confidence in these reports and bring them closer to the required truth and coordination and cooperation with the Union of Accountants and Auditors and inform them about each case of violations of the auditors and accountants N because of its great influence in the rejection of the organization of the accounts and not to ratify fake accounts lead to show taxpayers accounts on a non-truth in order to tax evasion.

‘The telegraph and the bank’: on the interdependence of global communications and capitalism, 1866–1914

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone M. Müller ◽  
Heidi J.S. Tworek
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
New Markets ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
Asymmetrical Information ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Modern Capitalism ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
Global Communications ◽  
Social Orders

AbstractThis article uses the example of submarine telegraphy to trace the interdependence between global communications and modern capitalism. It uncovers how cable entrepreneurs created the global telegraph network based upon particular understandings of cross-border trade, while economists such as John Maynard Keynes and John Hobson saw global communications as the foundation for capitalist exchange. Global telegraphic networks were constructed to support extant capitalist systems until the 1890s, when states and corporations began to lay telegraph cables to open up new markets, particularly in Asia and Latin America, as well as for strategic and military reasons. The article examines how the interaction between telegraphy and capitalism created particular geographical spaces and social orders despite opposition from myriad Western and non-Western groups. It argues that scholars need to account for the role of infrastructure in creating asymmetrical information and access to trade that have continued to the present day.

scholarly journals Attributes of social capital in the educational organisation

Educatia 21 ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 144-151
Author(s):  
Mirela Minică ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Educational System ◽  
School Organization ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Current Period ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
The Impact

The article highlights according to the concept of social capital, the changes generated by the COVID-19 pandemic in the educational system. This research identified the attributes of social capital at the level of the adults involved in the educational process (parents, students), the impact of the current period on them and the opinion of the respondents regarding the education reform. The conclusions of the study prove an activation of the intentions of involvement and participation in the management structures and in the educational projects at the level of the school organization, along with a low degree of confidence in the way the reform of the educational system is designed and implemented. Change management in recent years has highlighted the need for school involvement in the development of social capital and also the need to increase the role of social stakeholders in solving the challenges facing school organizations.

scholarly journals Some Fallacies in Agricultural Economics: A Macroeconomic Interpretation

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Belongia ◽  
Douglas Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Agricultural Economics ◽  
Macroeconomic Theory ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
The One ◽  
Monetary And Fiscal Policy

The relevance of macroeconomic theory to the analysis of economic behavior in the agricultural sector is a recurring theme in applied research in this area. On the one hand, it is possible to find the view that the agricultural sector should be treated in isolation as an independent market or set of markets not subject to the influences of changes in monetary and fiscal policy or (other) changes in aggregate demand and supply. On the other hand, it is also possible to find literal acceptance of the usefulness of macroeconomics—perhaps in the form of a particular version of the theory—with the controversial part surfacing in the particular view of macroeconomics and how it bears on (and is influenced by) agricultural markets. The fact that this dichotomy exists is highlighted by the contrasting views expressed recently by Breimyer (1981) and Tweeten. At the same time that Breimyer advocated that “macro-economics should be struck from the lexicon,” Tweeten chose to devote his AAEA Presidential address to a discussion of the implications of current developments in macroeconomic theory and policy for the agricultural sector; his particular emphasis is on the important role of “supply-side” macroeconomics.

Conclusions from an Nea Workshop: The Role of Phenomenological Sorption Modelling in Performance Assessment of RadioactiveWaste Disposal Systems

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.B. Muller ◽  
D. Langmuir ◽  
I. Neretnieks
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Sorption Process ◽  
Surface Ionization ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Site Characterisation

ABSTRACTTo give due credit to the barrier of the far field geologic environment in many host media it is necessary to account for sorption processes. The ultimate impact of sorption modelling will be in helping to define the degree of confidence that may be placed on geochemical retardation occurring in this barrier. For those involved in site characterisation, systems' design, design implementation and regulation, this confidence is best derived from a combination of a fundamental phenomenological understanding of the sorption process with empirical observations of sorption in natural environments. Neither alone is adequate. By performing a few additional measurements during classical Ko experiments, the data necessary for the more fundamental models, such as that of double-layer or surface ionization and complexation, may also be provided. The basis of these models and their integration into broader performance analysis are outlined in the context of how this maximises confidence in the geologic barrier of critically concerned groups.

INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL ISSUE: DYNAMIC MACROECONOMIC THEORY

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
HENRIK JENSEN ◽  
PETER NORMAN SØRENSEN ◽  
HANS JØRGEN WHITTA-JACOBSEN
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Macroeconomic Theory ◽  
Monetary Stability ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Hard Constraints ◽  
Theoretical Issues

This issue collects 11 articles at the frontier of the field of Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory.A majority of the articles discuss theoretical issues related to monetary policy. Many rich economies have now enjoyed a long period of stable monetary conditions, but many researchers remain puzzled as to what are the main mechanisms driving monetary stability. The field is of great importance to policymakers, and this issue's dynamic approaches will advance the debate. The other articles touch on other, equally inherently dynamic issues of macroeconomics, relating to growth, business cycles, and the role of credit. In light of the hard constraints we imposed on the length of the contributed articles, we will let the articles speak for themselves, and hope that the reader will enjoy this research sample as much as we do.

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