A Great Success Story: Galiani's Dialogues sur le commerce des blés in Spain (1774-1802)

The year 1775 witnessed the publication of the Spanish translation of Ferdi-nando Galiani's Dialogues sur le commerce des blés (1770). Although there is evi-dence that the book was very successful during the Spanish Enlightenment, the purpose of this work is to analyse in detail the impact of Galiani's Dialogues on late eighteenth century Spanish literature, using citation count methodology. The work concludes that Galiani's book was a decisive work in the shaping of econom-ic culture in Spain during the Spanish Enlightenment. Not only it was profusely quoted, but all its main economic theses were well received among the Spanish po-litical economists. Beyond the strategic debate on the grain trade, the book deci-sively contributed to outline central questions of the mainstream of the Spanish Enlightenment, such as those related to economic methodology and growth strate-gy. All this confirms that the Dialogues triumphed in Spain due to their powerful power of influence in the arena of economic policy.

Modeling the Dynamic Linkage between Tourism Development, Technological Innovation, Urbanization and Environmental Quality: Provincial Data Analysis of China

This study investigates the linkage between tourism development, technological innovation, urbanization and environmental degradation across 30 provinces of China. Based on data from 2001 to 2018, the study used an advanced economic methodology for the long-run estimate, the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator, which accounts for heterogeneity in slope parameters and dependencies across countries. The empirical results show that tourism development degrades environmental quality, while technological innovation mitigates carbon emissions. Further, findings show that urbanization increases carbon emissions, while an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between economic growth and environmental degradation, implying the existence of EKC in China. Further, the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test shows that any policy aimed at tourism development or technological innovation would substantially contribute to environmental degradation, but not the other way round.

Modern pathologies of the Kazakhstan's economy

Патоэкономика является новой отраслью знаний и необходимо время для популяризации среди экономистов страны. В данной статье рассматриваются различные российские школы, которые ввели определение, понятия патоэкономики в различных экономических школах, и их поиск причинно-следственные связи и пути решения. В данной работе делается попытка охарактеризовать основные тенденции в развитии современной экономики и выявить имеющие место патологии. Эта область знания не исследована в казахстанской науке и может стать началом для развития современной экономической методологии, выделить ее основную проблематику. Методология исследования заключается в обсуждении и выделении значимых подходов к понятию и сущности экономических патологий, а также выявлению центральных проблем, возникающих в этой области. Анализ характерные черты и формы проявления патоэкономики в Казахстане позволяет выделить структуру и причинно-следственные связи экономических патологий Казахстана. Делается попытка обосновать применение логико-когнитивистского подхода в решении проблем патоэкономики. В результате обобщения подходов к решению проблем реформирования экономики, антикризисного управления, экономических процессов современности углублено понятие патоэкономики, а также выявлены преимущества экономики Казахстана. Pathoeconomics is a new branch of knowledge and it takes time to popularize it among the country's economists. This article examines various Russian schools that have introduced the definition, concepts of pathoeconomics in various economic schools, and their search for cause-and-effect relationships and solutions. In this paper, an attempt is made to characterize the main trends in the development of the modern economy and to identify the existing pathologies. This area of knowledge has not been studied in Kazakh science and can become the beginning for the development of modern economic methodology, highlight its main problems. The methodology of the research consists in discussing and highlighting significant approaches to the concept and essence of economic pathologies, as well as identifying the central problems that arise in this area. The analysis of the characteristic features and forms of manifestation of pathoeconomics in Kazakhstan allows us to identify the structure and cause-and-effect relationships of economic pathologies in Kazakhstan. An attempt is made to justify the use of a logical-cognitive approach in solving problems of pathoeconomics. As a result of the generalization of approaches to solving the problems of economic reform, anti-crisis management, and modern economic processes, the concept of pathoeconomics has been deepened, and the advantages of the economy of Kazakhstan have been identified.

Economic theory and (ontological) reductionism: some pitfalls in the road of the microfoundations project

This paper aims to survey the literature on the theoretical enterprise of providing the microfoundations of macroeconomics. To do so, it evaluates that project from the viewpoint of economic methodology, mostly of critical realism. Its novelty lies in analysing the reductionism inbuilt in the project and its unsuitability both to its own terms and to the purpose of illuminating socioeconomic reality. We also stress that, in addition to a project of science (the sound or rigorous way of doing ‘scientific’ economics), it includes an implicit ontology of market sociability that establishes links between microfoundations and the neoliberal ideology. Some attempts at overcoming the reductionist individualism of microfoundations are also evaluated, such as complexity theory and old institutionalism, pointing out its potential and shortcomings. In order to deal with a complex, hierarchically multi-level structured and open reality, economic theory should not adopt explanations that give precedence to a single level. It should instead prefer approaches in which micro and macro levels are mutually conditioned and relatively autonomous.

A Hydro-Economic Methodology for the Food-Energy-Water Nexus: Valuation and Optimization of Water Resources

Growing global water stress caused by the combined effects of growing populations, increasing economic development, and climate change elevates the importance of managing and allocating water resources in ways that are economically efficient and that account for interdependencies between food production, energy generation, and water networks—often referred to as the “food-energy-water (FEW) nexus.” To support these objectives, this report outlines a replicable hydro-economic methodology for assessing the value of water resources in alternative uses across the FEW nexus–including for agriculture, energy production, and human consumption—and maximizing the benefits of these resources through optimization analysis. The report’s goal is to define the core elements of an integrated systems-based modeling approach that is generalizable, flexible, and geographically portable for a range of FEW nexus applications. The report includes a detailed conceptual framework for assessing the economic value of water across the FEW nexus and a modeling framework that explicitly represents the connections and feedbacks between hydrologic systems (e.g., river and stream networks) and economic systems (e.g., food and energy production). The modeling components are described with examples from existing studies and applications. The report concludes with a discussion of current limitations and potential extensions of the hydro-economic methodology.

Consequentialist Thinking and Economic Analysis in Intellectual Property

Legal policy is about consequences, and assessment of consequences requires an understanding of economics. This chapter explores this proposition. Whether intellectual property (IP) satisfies normative criteria requires understanding how IP affects behaviour in meeting social needs. Economic analysis provides testable models of plausible connections between legal rules and standards and individual conduct in the creation and dissemination of innovative outputs. These models provide a conceptual basis for legal arguments and policy recommendations. Whether these models are successful rests on their ability to identify and test the consequences of law. Economic methodology, understood this way, serves as a means of explanation and of prediction to guide the persuasive power of attorneys and policy-makers. This chapter develops this case for economics by consideration of analyses of the publishing and music industries.

Did F.A. Hayek Embrace Popperian Falsificationism ? A Critical Comment About Certain Theses of Popper, Duhem and Austrian Methodology

The author of this article argues that Hayek´s methodological outlook at the time he engaged in business cycle research was actually closer to praxeological apriorism than to Popperian falsificationism. A consideration of the Duhem thesis highlights the fact that even from a mainstream methodological perspective falsificationism is more problematic than is often realized. Even if the praxeological and mainstream lines of argumentation reject the Popperian emphasis on falsification for different reasons and from a different background, the prospects for falsificationism in economic methodology seem rather bleak. Key words: General methodology; Austrian methodology; falsificationism; Popper; Hayek; Duhem; Duhemian Argument; testing of Theories; meaning and Interpretation of econometric results; correlation and causality. JEL Classification: B20, C10, B23, A12, E32, B53, B40 Resumen: La perspectiva metodológica de Hayek a la hora de investigar el ciclo comercial se acercaba más al apriorismo praxeológico que al falsacionismo popperiano. Una consideración de la tesis de Duhem destaca el hecho de que, incluso desde una perspectiva metodológica común, el falsacionismo es más problemático de lo que se suele pensar. A pesar de que las líneas de argumentación praxeológicas rechazan el énfasis popperiano en la falsación por distintos motivos y desde un fondo distinto, las perspectivas del falsacionismo en la metodología económica no parecen ser nada prometedoras. Palabras clave: metodología general; metodología austriaca; falsacionismo; Popper; Hayek; Duhem; argumento duhemiano; prueba de teorías; significado e interpretación de resultados econométricos; correlación y causalidad.