Of Clerics and Concubines

2019 ◽  
pp. 258-312
Author(s):  
Michael A. Gomez
Keyword(s):  
New Age ◽  
West African ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
African History ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Ethnic Pluralism ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
To Come ◽  
Significant Figures ◽  
Secondary Materials

This chapter argues that while the religious leaders of Timbuktu and Jenne enjoyed unrivaled prestige, there were other actors who, though receiving scant attention in the secondary materials, were nonetheless significant figures. Specifically, holy men associated with the Mori Koyra community played influential roles, as did royal women, including, and especially, the royal concubines. Indeed, women were a critical component of the askia's strategy in realizing an ethnic pluralism that would transform relations between the clan and the state, such that loyalties to the former could be accommodated within the latter. Buoyed by a resurgent economy, stellar scholarship, and the reconfiguration of political fealty, Songhay experienced a new age of cosmopolitanism. With so many accomplishments, it is little wonder Askia Muḥammad is revered as one of the most important leaders in West African history, his policies a template for Muslim reformers for centuries to come.

scholarly journals Civilian Structures as Military Restrictions

Vulcan ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-63
Author(s):  
Petter J. Wulff
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Community ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Military ◽  
Second World

The military community is a secluded part of society and normally has to act on the conditions offered by its civilian surroundings. When heavy vehicles were developed for war, the civilian infrastructure presented a potential restriction to vehicular mobility. In Sweden, bridges were seen as a critical component of this infrastructure. It took two decades and the experiences of a second world war for the country to come to terms with this restriction. This article addresses the question as to why Swedish tanks suddenly became much heavier in the early 1940s. The country’s bridges play a key role in what happened, and the article explains how. It is a story about how a military decision came to be outdated long before it was upgraded.

scholarly journals DETERMINANTS OF INTRA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN TRADE: EVIDENCE FROM ECOWAS AND CEN-SAD COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
Sodiq Olaiwola Jimoh ◽  
Felix Gbenga Olaifa
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
West African ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Poisson Models ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
To Come ◽  
Control Of Corruption

This study investigates the determinants of intra-regional trade in the Economic of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Community of Sahel-Saharan Sates (CEN-SAD) over the period of 1995-2018.The study employs the modified Poisson models, which captures the source of zero counts. Data on the real exchange rate, population, and gross domestic product were sourced from World Bank Development Indicators. Import flow, time of import, and time of export were computed from WITS (COMTRADE). Further, the study obtained data on voice and account, law and order, government effect, regulatory quality, reduction in political violence, control of corruption from World Wide Governance indicator. The results of the study indicated that imports within ECOWAS are driven by one governance variable or the other either in the importing countries or the partner countries. Besides, trade facilitation is a binding constraint to imports, while population and GDP are important drivers of intra-ECOWAS trade. For CEN-SAD, it is evident that the gravity variables are responsible for imports, whereas governance variables have no significant effect on imports. The implication of these results is that authorities in ECOWAS and CEN-SAD should strengthen governance institutions as doing so will boost trade within the region. Also, it is necessary for government, particularly in CEN-SAD, to come up with policies that will allow for accountability and transparency.

A Thousand Years

2019 ◽  
pp. 369-372
Author(s):  
Michael A. Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
West African ◽  
First Century ◽  
Modern World ◽  
African History ◽  
Human Origins ◽  
Global Development ◽  
Artistic Creativity ◽  
National Movement ◽  
The World

This epilogue discusses how, some four hundred years after its fall, the world was reminded of imperial Songhay's former glory when, in early January of 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawād—or the MNLA—attacked the towns of Menaka and Aguelhok, leading to the collapse of the national army in northern Mali. However, the twenty-first century was not the first instance in which the modern world reflected on West African anterior history, though prior occasions were largely artistic in nature. In any case, through both real-world events and artistic creativity, enactments of West Africa's medieval past have filtered into contemporary consciousness. Even so, in turning from the popular to the academic, histories purporting to convey a sense of global development since antiquity continue to ignore Africa's contributions, not merely as the presumed site of human origins, but as a full participant in its cultural, technological, and political innovations. The epilogue then summarizes the full trajectory of West African history examined in the previous chapters.

Condemned

2018 ◽  
pp. 162-200
Author(s):  
Tricia Starks
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Public Intellectuals ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
To Come

Anti-tobacco arguments existed in Russia from the seventeenth century, but the explosion in cultivation, production, and consumption meant the reviled habit was now ubiquitous and the sensory assault proved particularly objectionable for many. Pamphlet literature on the dangers of smoking exploded coming not only from doctors but also from religious leaders, moral pundits, and public intellectuals. Authorities worried that the smoker, poisoned by tobacco, became instead of valorous, morally corrupt and physically degenerate connecting Russian tobacco to anxieties of neurasthenic decline and influencing therapies and conceptions of the smoker for decades to come.

Cloth in West African History (review)

2007 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-433
Author(s):  
Heather Marie. Akou
Keyword(s):  
West African ◽  
African History

The Idea of “American Protestantism” and British Nonconformity, 1829-1840

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F. Maclear
Keyword(s):  
New Age ◽  
American Religion ◽  
High Expectation ◽  
Jacksonian Era ◽  
American Protestantism ◽  
The World ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Christian History ◽  
At Home

In June, 1829 Ralph Wardlaw, Scotland's leading Congregationalist, wrote to his American friend, Leonard Woods of Andover, explaining the current fascination of America for British Dissenters. “An important experiment is going on there …, “ he noted, “of what Christianity when fairly excited can effect by her own native energies in the support and propagation of her cause, independently of the aids of civil power. I look to it … with high expectation, as I think it of vast consequence that a new practical manifestation of this should be given to the world.” Wardlaw was writing at the beginning of the Jacksonian era in America, a period when Nonconformists inspected American religion with a concentration never again quite equalled. For this scrutiny there were reasons beyond the general fascination with republican novelties. The emergence of a more vital and politically assertive Nonconformity, the eruption of voluntaristic controversy in both England and Scotland, the excitement of the Reform Age, and the perennial anticipation of revivals at home on the scale of the American awakenings all played roles in directing British attention overseas. And as Wardlaw indicated, the element of “American Protestantism” which most intrigued British evangelicals was the apparent vindication of the voluntary system, which with the accompanying phenomenon of revivals raised the prospect of a free spiritual and vital Christianity, indeed a new age in Christian history.Despite its prominence in the literature of the 1830s, this British examination of the American voluntary church has received only scant attention from scholars.

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