الجذور التاريخية لنشأة الأحزاب السياسية السودانية

This study deals with the historical roots of the formation of Sudanese political parties. The study aimed to analyz and study the historical development of the action of Sudanese national movement, which secreted political currents that began with political organizations and associations that progressed into political parties that lead the national action and realized self-determination and independence. The researcher adopted the historical, descriptive, and analytical methods for gathering data from sources and references for analysis to reach the results (findings) and recommendations guarantee the study’s ending. The study concluded that although the formation of Sudanese political parties was spontaneous, their existence was inevitable to decide the imperialistic vision, which considers that the country does not yet reach the stage that qualifies it to guide itself. The study recommended that Sudanese political parties have to fulfill what they have promised to do to the peoples of the country according to their platform after the attainment of their end of obtaining independence and do not occupy themselves with gaining the voters' votes and neglect the central issue of tasks achievement and the more significant national goals which are represented by a constant constitution for the country and economic growth, and strengthen the ties of national unity.

PETRO SOKALSKI’S PUBLICATIONS IN THE “NOTES OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURE OF SOUTHERN RUSSIA” (1869-1872)

The second essay in the cycle of the researches of the activities of the Ukrainian composer, publicist, active participant of the national movement of the second half of the XIX-th century Petro Sokalskyi (1832 - 1887) in the Imperial Society of Agriculture of Southern Russia focuses on the analysis of the authorial articles published in the volumes of «Notes of the Imperial Society of Agriculture of Southern Russia» during 1869–1872. Therefore, the classification of publications by thematic categories and their review in chronological order are the main tasks of the study. It was found out that Petro Sokalskyi not only held the positions of the secretary of the society and editor of “Notes” (from 1869 to 1871), but also actively wrote on agricultural topics. Author's articles of this period were the reviews of the problems of agriculture in the south of the empire in different years; the discussions of measures of encouraging the sheep farming and winemaking in the region; the descriptions of the results of the exhibition of viticulture and winemaking; and so on. The publicist also responded to questions that worried the farmers, winemakers and workers throughout the empire: economic and customs policy, the “wool issue”, the labor issue and more. In fact, on all the above issues, Sokalskyi expressed professional and deep thoughts, and also drew upon the international and European experience, which underscored his general intelligence in different fields of knowledge. The characteristic of this part of the author's journalistic heritage allows not only to supplement the available biographical information, but also to draw the attention of researchers to individual members of the Imperial Society of Agriculture of Southern Russia. In addition, the authors' articles will be useful for agricultural researchers.

Nationalism and Siberian Archeology of the 19th Century

The article provides a comparative characteristic of the nationally motivated ethnocultural concepts of the 19th century, based on the interpretation of Siberian peoples` history. Finnish nationalism was looking for the ancestral home of the Finns in Altai and tried to connect them with the Turkic-Mongol states of antiquity and the Middle Ages. Under the influence of the cultural and historical theories of regional experts, the Siberian national discourse itself began to form, which was especially clearly manifested in the example of the genesis of Altai nationalism. Russian great-power nationalism sought to make Slavic history more ancient and connected it with the prestigious Scythian culture. If we rely on the well-known periodization of the development of the national movement of M. Khrokh, then in the theory of the Finns` Altai origin, we can distinguish features characteristic of phase “B,” when the cultural capital of nationalism gradually turns into political. In turn, the historical research of the regional specialists illustrates the earliest stage in the emergence of the national movement, the period of nationalism not only without a nation but also without national intellectuals. The oblasts are forming the very national environment, which does not yet have the means for its own expression, but it obviously contains separatist potential. At the same time, both the Finnish and Siberian patriots, with their scientific research, solved the same ideological task—to include the objects of their research in the world cultural and historical context, to achieve recognition of their right to a place among European nations. However, Florinsky’s theory, performing the function of the official propaganda, is an example of the manifestation of state unifying nationalism, with imperial connotations characteristics of Russia.

Soolisustatud rahvuslus Lilli Suburgi (1841–1923) jutustuses “Liina” (1877)

The article deals with the representation of nationalism in Lilli Suburg’s (1841–1923) short story “Liina” (1877). Lilli Suburg was a writer, journalist, pedagogue, and the first Estonian feminist. “Liina” is her most famous literary work, which also belongs among the most important works of early Estonian literature. “Liina” was published in two editions (1877, 1884) and was also translated into Finnish (1892). It is important in the context of Estonian national movement because it is a short story based on the central idea which emphasizes the importance of being Estonian. It became popular among readers and made the author famous. “Liina” is based on Suburg’s German-language diary, and it is an autobiographical short story about an Estonian peasant girl who struggles to remain Estonian. The national ideas represented in “Liina” emphasize the importance of remaining Estonian in an environment where social mobility rather implied Germanization. On the other hand, the national theme in “Liina” represents a gendered viewpoint. Suburg understood the woman as a national subject equal to the man and therefore the carrier of national ideas is a woman – the protagonist called Liina. The article deals with the representation of nationalism and gender in the short story and also with the context of the creation and reception of the work.

Review of the monograph: Matiev T.Kh. The Mountain National Movement in Revolutions and the Civil War in the North Caucasus (1917–1921) (Nazran, 2020)

This article focuses on the analysis of the monograph by T.Kh. Matiev ”Mountain national movement in revolutions and the Civil War in the North Caucasus (1917–1921)”, published in 2020 in Nazran. This study presents an original and comprehensive approach and addresses one of the most difficult cases in the history of the North Caucasus of the 20th century – the origins of the Mountain Republic. The driving force behind the idea of a federation and the protection of the rights of mountain peoples was the young intellectuals of the North Caucasus. In this regard, the reviewer sees parallels with Jadidism in the Volga-Ural region, the activity of the Tatar intellectual youth of the early 20th century, the ideas of national and cultural autonomy. The Muslim peoples of the North Caucasus and the Tatars had much in common: one religious culture, a desire for modernization from educated groups and contradictions in society. Monograph by T.Kh. Matiev shows the multiethnic world of the Russian Empire, at the same time it points to the commonality of many issues and the need for their further scientific study.

Webinar Bagi Mahasiswa Baru 2021 "Sejarah dan Pemikiran H.O.S. Cokroaminoto"

This Community Service, is carried out virtually in the form of online or webinars. This activity was organized by the Campus Academic Introduction committee, Cokroaminoto University of Yogyakarta in 2021. This webinar is a routine activity held every year, to introduce a campus environment for new students every year. This activity raised the theme "Historyand Thought of Cokroaminoto", which was carried out using a zoom platform. The purpose of this webinars to get to know more closely the famous figure as well as the nation's teacher, H.O.S. Cokroaminoto, which gave the idea of Indonesia should be independent since 1912. Cokroaminoto helped raise the first national movement organization in Indonesia, the Islamic Trading Company which was established in 1905 with the founding figure H. Samanhudi. Cokroaminoto holds the title of teacher of the nation, because he has 3 famous students: Sukarno, Musso and Kartosuwiryo, all three of whom have different ideologies: Nationalists, Communists and Religious, as well as his three disciples also managed to color the journey of this nation, even more so during the old order. In the implementation of this webinar, it appears that the participation, enthusiasm and spirit of the participants, so that this webinar activity can be carried out properly and smoothly.

“There Is No National without the Local”

Chapter 3 charts the development of the movement to dismantle the school-to-prison pipeline as a national movement with deep local roots. It documents the beginnings of the movement in places like Holmes County, Mississippi, where African American parents first raised the alarm. It shows how national actors played important roles in spreading local victories, while both strengthening local organizing and working to influence federal policy. It discusses the struggle in the Dignity in Schools Campaign to create a coalition in which community groups would have a majority say and keep the coalition focused on supporting local organizing rather than Washington politics. It charts the movement’s victories, shifting discourse away from zero tolerance and getting the federal government to issue guidelines warning against zero-tolerance discipline. These victories became resources to groups in local- and state-level campaigns, creating a rolling series of policy wins across the country.