Electoral Violence, Corruption, and Political Order

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Birch
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Electoral Institutions ◽  
Vote Buying ◽  
World War ◽  
Electoral Violence ◽  
Formal Design ◽  
Second World ◽  
Cross National

Throughout their history, political elections have been threatened by conflict, and the use of force has in the past several decades been an integral part of electoral processes in a significant number of contemporary states. However, the study of elections has yet to produce a comprehensive account of electoral violence. Drawing on cross-national data sets together with fourteen detailed case studies from around the world, this book offers a global comparative analysis of violent electoral practices since the Second World War. The book shows that the way power is structured in society largely explains why elections are at risk of violence in some contexts but not in others. Countries with high levels of corruption and weak democratic institutions are especially vulnerable to disruptions of electoral peace. The book examines how corrupt actors use violence to back up other forms of electoral manipulation, including vote buying and ballot stuffing. In addition to investigating why electoral violence takes place, the book considers what can be done to prevent it in the future, arguing that electoral authority and the quality of electoral governance are more important than the formal design of electoral institutions. Delving into a deeply influential aspect of political malpractice, the book explores the circumstances in which individuals choose to employ violence as an electoral strategy.

scholarly journals Przegląd badań nad historią bibliotek i bibliotekarstwa w Polsce z lat 1945–2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 97-139
Author(s):  
Jacek Puchalski
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Second World War ◽  
History Of The Book ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Book Collections ◽  
Historical Resources ◽  
Second World

AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH INTO THE HISTORY OF LIBRARIES AND LIBRARIANSHIP IN POLAND IN 1945–2015The author of the article discusses selected academic and popular publications concerning the history of libraries and librarianship in Poland which appeared in 1945–2015. In that period information about the most important historical resources of various Polish libraries and early book collections was made available; in addition, the period was marked by progress in the study of materials originating before the end of the 18th century. Scholars published a range of methodological studies as well as studies dealing with sources, contributing to the development of scholarship. On the other hand, there were too few editions of source materials.After 1989 scholars intensified their efforts to find sources in foreign collections, especially in Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and Germany. Polish collections kept abroad are yet to be fully researched and have their inventories and catalogues published.The vast body of literature is uneven when it comes to its focus on the various historical periods, regions, subregions and local centres. It comprises publications dealing with the history of libraries, their function and role in culture with regard to the history of the book, and publications focused on the types of libraries or individual libraries — of different traditions, sizes and stature. Scholars also explored the history of home book collections, reading rooms and libraries as well as biographies of librarians and collectors. The quality of the publications varies. There are gaps in, for example, the history of libraries in the former Polish Eastern Borderlands as well as “blank pages” in the historiography of Polish librarianship after the Second World War. There is a visible shortage of quantification of phenomena from the past of libraries, despite the fact that there are some possibilities in this respect. What is also needed is development in comparative studies, also in an international perspective, although this would require Polish historians to become more interested than before in the history of librarianship in other countries.

scholarly journals The Societal Relevance of the “Rheinischer Merkur”

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-199
Author(s):  
Regina M. Frey
Keyword(s):  
Decisive Role ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Societal Relevance ◽  
Christian Worldview ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

At present, there is no societally relevant political newspaper in Germany that is based on a Christian worldview. The Rheinischer Merkur, founded in 1946 shortly after the end of the Second World War and shut down by the German Bishops’ Conference in 2010, was a newspaper of this kind. It went beyond the Christian milieu in the fulfilment of its mission in the public arena. The closure of the Rheinischer Merkur obscures even today the decisive role it played in the elaboration of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany and the substantial quality of the paper. This essay sketches the history of the Rheinischer Merkur and its self-understanding, as well as its decline, locating these in the context of the journalistic autonomies and media-ethical tensions to which every journalistic medium is subject.

scholarly journals Berlin Furniture Drawings by Carl Wilhelm Marckwort (1798-1875)

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-145
Author(s):  
Achim Stiegel
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
High Level ◽  
Second World ◽  
Made In

The Rijksmuseum recently acquired eight furniture designs, drawn by the cabinet-maker from Braunschweig, Carl Wilhelm Marckwort (1798-1875), while working as a journeyman in Berlin, in the years 1820-23. Apart from another group by Marckwort, no similar drawings made in Berlin during the first half of the nineteenth century survive, although they must once have been common. They were not regarded as works of art, and those that may have been retained in Berlin were lost during the Second World War. Marckwort took his drawings with him when he returned to Braunschweig in 1824, where they have until recently been kept by a succession of local cabinet-makers. Marckwort’s drawings present much information on current Berlin furniture types, and they document the high level of draughtsmanship attained by a talented craftsman working there. In Berlin, as in Vienna and indeed also in Braunschweig, much attention was given from the late eighteenth century onwards to providing drawing lessons for apprentices and journeymen. This was seen as an important step in an effort to improve the quality of manufactured goods. Marckwort’s manner of drawing, linear rather than free, exemplifies the workings of the new educational system. Sadly, no documentation concerning his training has been found.

‘The pilot's periplus’: Ezra Pound, Cyril Connolly, and the Forms of Late Modernist Travel

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-296
Author(s):  
Annabel Williams
Keyword(s):  
Travel Writing ◽  
Ezra Pound ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Compensatory Response ◽  
Affective Quality ◽  
High Modernism ◽  
Quality Of Movement ◽  
Second World

This article argues that unexamined connections between Ezra Pound and Cyril Connolly illuminate a remodelling of form in late modernist travel writing, in a period when the genre was threatened by wartime restrictions on movement. In Cyril Connolly's The Unquiet Grave (1944) and Ezra Pound's The Pisan Cantos (1948), the ‘intellectual voyage’ becomes a compensatory response to the authors’ enforced stasis during the Second World War, and to their separation from those places in Europe whose influence was integral to their aesthetic sensibilities. Both writers adapt some of the formal strategies of high modernism to respond to this. The resulting late modernist form might be thought of as a ‘periplus’: like the navigational chart, it is shaped by a subjective ‘pilot's perspective’, and in communicating the writers’ journeys it relies on the affective quality of movement. In both works, structural and figurative motifs of the waveform in states of flux and recession reflect the writers’ compromising positions between nostalgia or escapism, and innovation.

scholarly journals Frank Featherstone Bonsall. 31 March 1920—22 February 2011

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 63-77
Author(s):  
T. A. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Linear Operators ◽  
World War ◽  
The North ◽  
Research Supervision ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Mathematical Life ◽  
Second World

Frank Bonsall played a significant role in the mathematical life of the United Kingdom in the decades following the Second World War. He had a particular impact in Scotland and the north of England, especially in research and graduate education. His research interests focused primarily on functional analysis, the area of mathematics that brings together various strands of analysis under a single abstract framework, and on the related theory of linear operators on Banach spaces. He influenced a generation of young mathematicians with the elegance of his written and oral expositions, both of his own research and that of others. The quality of his caring and thorough research supervision was reflected in his many PhD students who would continue in research and go on to successful academic careers in their own right, both in the United Kingdom and beyond.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Sarah Birch
Keyword(s):  
Coercive Force ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Strategic Behavior ◽  
National Level ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Electoral Violence ◽  
Second World

This introductory chapter provides an overview of electoral violence. Electoral violence includes political violence that takes place during the electoral cycle and is linked causally to electoral processes, or, more formally, coercive force, directed toward electoral actors and/or objects, that occurs in connection with electoral competition, where “coercive force” includes threats, unlawful detention, forcible curtailment of movement or displacement, and attacks that cause actual bodily harm. Why are elections in some places generally peaceful, whereas other societies regularly experience conflictual polls? Why is one election in a country peaceful and the next violent? This book aims to provide a comprehensive account of the use of force to manipulate competitive electoral processes, with a particular emphasis on national-level elections held during peacetime in the post-Second World War period. The focus of analysis is on the strategic behavior of incumbent and opposition actors—also referred to as state and nonstate actors—with particular (but not exclusive) emphasis on electoral authoritarian and hybrid states.

scholarly journals Germany, South Africa and Rwanda: Three Manners for a Church to Confess its Guilt

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Denis
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Church Leadership ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Presbyterian Church ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second World

The paper examines three historical situations where Christian churches confessed their guilt for their implication in episodes of extreme violence, whether by acts of omission or commission: post-Second World War Germany, post-apartheid South Africa and post-genocide Rwanda. In Germany and in South Africa several churches confessed their guilt rapidly and fairly comprehensively. In Rwanda only the Presbyterian Church did so. The other churches either abstained from making any statement or only acknowledged the crimes committed by some of their members. This paper argues that, for a large part, the political and military context explains the difference. In Germany the war was irremediably lost and in South Africa the apartheid government had accepted the necessity of a regime change. In Rwanda, by contrast, the government which had orchestrated the genocide had withdrawn to a neighbouring country and vowed to continue the fight. A second factor is the quality of the church leadership, strong in the first two cases, weak and divided in Rwanda except for the Presbyterian Church.

Prometeizm: utopijna idea czy realne narzędzie polskiej polityki wschodniej

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (247) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kłaczyński
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Independence Movements ◽  
Second World

The intensification and quality of Polish-Russian relations remains, despite passing years andgenerations, a key issue in discussions about Polish Eastern Policy choices. Successful warwith Bolshevik state in 1920 left Poland independent but has put an end the idea of federation.It has been replaced with “promethean” conception which genesis should be searched amongPolish emigrational and independence movements of 19th century. The “promethean” ideawas to lead to independence of nations remaining under Russian rule. This conception, withtime, become influential among Marshal Piłsudski’s supporters and was a part of Poland’sEastern policy until the Second World War. It harmed the relations with USSR and madea permanent Warsaw-Moscow cooperation impossible. After the Second War this conceptionbecome a history, an unwanted heritage for new, communist elite. It become again popularafter 1989 and again harmed Polish-Russian relations. The paper entitled “Prometheanconception: an utopia or real tool of Polish Eastern Policy” aims to answer the question aboutrationality of this idea, its coherence. It also formulates the broader question if utopia can bea permanent, well established issue in state’s policy, despite changing reality.Key words: Poland, Russia, prometheism, history, politics

THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-76
Author(s):  
ARTHUR HAWLEY PARMELEE
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
House Staff ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
Quality Of Medical Care ◽  
Second World

I read with great interest Dr. Rothman's manuscript, "The Quality of Medical Care," published in your section of Pediatrics in February, 1952. I am an admirer of Dr. Rothman, and his discussion of medical education was certainly a scholarly one. I would, however, like to present a difference of opinion regarding some statements in one paragraph of his manuscript. In this paragraph, he decries the fact that internes have so much time off and are getting married and having families while still in training. He infers that medical education has suffered by this change. I would like to quote some of this paragraph: ". . . at the turn of the century, the house staff had little or no time off and very little or no financial remuneration. Living quarters were provided within the hospital; matrimony was postponed . . . towards the end of the decade preceding the second world war, it became customary in the majority of the hospitals for the house staff to have every other night off, and every other week end off. Coincident with this change, the yearly stipend increased, and what with the war and some unknown factor, marriage became the rule rather than the exception.

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