Termien selittämisen toimintokuviot merentutkimusta yleistajuistavassa tietokirjassa

Virittäjä ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henri Satokangas

Artikkeli käsittelee erikoisalan termien selittämiseen käytettyjä retorisia rakenteita sekä niiden kielellistä rakentumista toimintokuvion käsitteen avulla. Teoreettisena lähtökohtana on diskurssintutkimus ja näkökulmana kirjoittajan ja lukijan välisen kirjoitetun vuorovaikutuksen rakentuminen tekstiin kielellisten valintojen kautta. Aineistona on merentutkimusta käsittelevä yleistajuinen tietokirja, joka on suomeksi ensimmäinen laatuaan ja jossa siksi esitellään ja avataan runsaasti merentutkimukseen liittyvää termistöä. Termien merkitystä avaavat selitysjaksot voidaan jakaa tiedon esittämis­järjestyksen mukaan kolmeen luokkaan, jotka nimetään artikkelissa tarkentamis-, nimeämis- ja jaottelu­kuvioiksi. Tarkentamiskuvioissa kirjoittaja lähtee liikkeelle termistä nimeämällä sen ja siirtyy sitten elaboroimaan termiä esimerkiksi parafraaseilla ja esittelemällä sitä määrittäviä ominaisuuksia. Nimeämiskuvioissa tiedonrakennuksen strategia on toisen suuntainen, sillä niissä kirjoittaja rajaa ensin maailmasta jonkin ilmiön käsitteellisen kokonaisuudeksi ja sitten nimeää sen termillä. Jaottelukuvioissa puolestaan keskiössä ovat termien väliset käsitesuhteet ja paikka osana käsitejärjestelmää. Niissä kirjoittaja rakentaa ensin kontekstin jollekin taksonomialle ja kuvaa sitä sitten luettelomuodossa. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan lisäksi lähemmin selitysjaksojen syntaktista rakentumista. Analyysi osoittaa, että tietyt lausetyypit hakeutuvat tiettyihin toimintokuvioihin: tarkoituslauseet (x tarkoittaa y:tä) ja samuuslauseet (x on y) ovat tavallisia tarkentamiskuvioissa, sanomislauseet (x:ää sanotaan y:ksi) taas nimeämiskuvioille ominaisia. Samoja kuvioita voidaan käyttää tarkoitteiltaan erilaisten termien selittämisessä, ja selitysjaksoissa hyödynnetään erilaisia tekstilajeja termin tarkoitteen mukaan: prosessia nimeävän termin selityksessä käytetään prosessin vaiheita selostavia, fyysistä oliota nimeävän termin selityksessä taas fyysisiä ominaisuuksia kuvailevia genrejä. Toimintokuvio on käyttökelpoinen analyysiväline tarkasteltaessa kirjoitetun vuorovaikutuksen jäsentymistä, ja se on sovellettavissa esimerkiksi kirjoittamisen opettamiseen eri yhteyksissä.   Discourse patterns in the explanation of field-specific terms in a Finnish popular-science book on oceanography The article explores the explanations of field-specific terms in a popular-science book on oceanography. Explanation sequences are analysed from the perspective of discourse studies, focusing on discourse patterns constructed in the text. Different discourse patterns used in the explanation of terms are mapped and their internal structure is examined. The analysis focuses on how the patterns used in these explanations are constructed lexically, syntactically and rhetorically. The text is viewed as a forum for written interaction in which the roles of writer and reader are constructed within the text, partly through these explanation patterns. The data is taken from a book that describes itself as the first popular-science book on oceanography in Finnish. It therefore presents a large volume of field-specific terminology, which is explained in a variety of manners. The analysis shows that term-explanation sequences are constructed according to three different strategies: proceeding from the term to the explanation; proceeding from the description of the term’s referent to the term itself; and representing a ­taxonomy of terms. These three classes are called elaboration patterns, naming patterns and classifying patterns respectively. Although the patterns can be grammatically realised in many ways, some clause types are dominant: type x means y, type x is y, and type x is called y. The two former types are typically employed within elaboration patterns, whereas the latter is common in naming patterns. Specific patterns can be employed in the explanation of terms with different referents. The nature of the term’s referent is reflected in the genres used in explanation situations: when the term stands for a process, the sequential-explanation genre is utilised, whereas descriptive genres are employed when explaining terms that stand for physical objects. The perspective of discourse patterns is a useful way of analysing the sequentiality of written interaction. It can be employed, for instance, in the teaching of writing in different contexts.

Author(s):  
Michael H. Whitworth

This chapter examines Oliver Lodge’s popular science book Ether and Reality, which was published in 1925. In it, Oliver Lodge purported to give a non-technical account of the functions of the luminiferous ether. However, Lodge himself had a dilemma, as he wanted the ether to be different from material bodies but not wholly immaterial. Lodge thus needed to present both an account of the ether and an account of a scientific view that was sympathetic to its possible existence. This chapter examines Lodge’s expository strategies in his book. It considers Lodge’s creation of ethos, and the reader that his text implies, paying particular attention to his use of analogy, repetition, parallelism and allusion. It also identifies previously unremarked literary allusions and allusions to the Bible. Finally, as this chapter shows, much of Lodge’s work is done through suggestion and insinuation: Lodge requires the reader to complete his meaning for him.


Author(s):  
K.M. Sitnik ◽  
◽  
V.S. Galuzinska ◽  

This popular science book reveals to the reader the amazing secrets of the ancient and good science of botany, the ways of its development. The fates and biographies of botanists, their discussions that lasted for centuries, their travels and journeys provide answers to many questions of the existence of the contemporary. There is no sphere in human life today where plants are not involved. The book is intended for engineers and a students, workers and doctors, etc., because its theme is man in the plant world.


Author(s):  
Susan Hunston

AbstractThis paper considers the relationship between research using systemic functional linguistics and research of the kind referred to as corpus linguistics, specifically in a study of ideology in a popular science text. The paper argues that ideas in SFL and corpus linguistics may be regarded as parallel (register), divergent (grammar and phraseology), and complementary (lexis and taxonomy). Following a review of research in these areas, the paper presents a case study of evaluation of status in a popular science book (


2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
Annie Prud'homme-Généreux

Freshman students are instructed to read a popular science book related to the topic of the course and produce an outline of the work. To achieve this, they must identify the author's thesis and the arguments brought forth in support of the thesis. This analysis is done for the whole book and is repeated for every chapter. This exercise develops the ability to grasp how experiments serve as evidence in scientific discourse. This gives students the tools to read popular science books critically. Given the ease of access to this type of resource, this assignment may develop lifelong skills for scientifically informed citizens.


Articult ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 104-112
Author(s):  
Anna V. Vasilyeva ◽  

The article dwells on the study of the image of a prehistoric man portrayed in children books illustrations and museum exhibitions’ design (paintings, sculptures) in 1920-1930s using the example of works from the State Darwin Museum funds. During this period, famous artists of children's books Vasily Vatagin and Mikhail Ezuchevsky worked at the State Darwin Museum. They were also well versed in anthropology and ethnography. Their drawings were the first Soviet illustrations for the book by Ernest d'Hervilly “The Adventures of a little prehistoric boy”, which became a popular science book for children in the USSR about prehistoric people. V.A. Vatagin, M.D. Ezuchevsky and A.N. Komarov created a number of paintings and sculptures about the life of prehistoric people for the exposition of the State Darwin Museum in the first half of the XX century. Illustrations and artworks introduced the element of entertainment and emotional appeal to the museum’s exhibitions, which otherwise were purely informative and rather cold-eyed.


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Rosita Masfirotul Uyun

This study aims to discover the theme of popular physics book, The GrandDesign, through corpus linguistics and discourse analysis as well as how theauthors of the book describe the field of study which in fact is not their mainfocus to work on. In this case, the authors are physicists and cosmologists whoattempt to use quantum to interpret the history if the universe. There were twoterms, quantum and cosmology, which would be examined to gain the number ofappearance in the book. A computer-based corpus software, AntConc v 3.4.3w andchi square test were employed to gain the hit numbers and the significant value ofthe possible different number appeared. This result would answer the question ofwhat the theme of the book is. The procedure of corpus analysis, which raw textis directly analyzed, was used along with collocation and concordance analysis.After the data was gained from collocation and concordance analysis, discourseanalysis was applied to obtain the profound findings of how the authors asserttheir opinion of quantum in the study of the cosmology. This paper resulted thatquantum has more hit numbers than cosmology. In addition, it was found thatthe theory proposed in this book was quite inadequate in a certain circumstance.


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