Occurrence of Septoria species on cereals in Finland in 1971—1973

1975 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-244
Author(s):  
Kaiho Mäkelä
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Common Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Septoria Tritici ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Perfect Stage

This study was carried out on Septoria species found on cereals: spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.). The objective was to ascertain their distribution and general significance in Finland. The results were obtained from samples of cereals gathered in 2 040 fields all over the country during the growing season 1971-1973. The fungi in all the samples were examined by microscope and cultures and inoculation tests were used as well in laboratory. One of the Septoria species was found to occur on all the cereals, being most commonly on wheat and two-rowed barley, moderately common on winter rye, very rare on six rowed barley and only sporadic on oats. Septoria species were observed to occur most commonly in the southwestern and southern parts of the country, whereas they were very rare in the middle parts of the country and Ostrobothnia. The imperfect stages of the fungi (Septoria) occurred dominantly, whereas at all times the perfect stages (Leptosphaeria) were found only occasionally. The following Septoria species were found to occur on cereals: Septoria nodorum (Berk.) Berk. & Br. was found to occur as the most common species on spring and winter wheat and was moderately common on two-rowed barley. The fungus was found on wheat in 60—70 per cent, and on barley, in about 40 per cent of the localities and for both cereals in 1/3 of the fields that were studied. On the other hand the fungus was found to be very rare on six-rowed barley and winter rye in 610 per cent of the localities and only 2—4 per cent of the fields studied. Also in the inoculation tests it was found that S. nodorum isolates, which originated from different cereals, infected not only their own host but all the other cereals with the exception of oats. The perfect stage, Leptosphaeria nodorum Müller was found only a few times on spring wheat, spring barley and winter rye. Septoria avenue Frank f. sp. triticea T. Johanson was found to be the most common on two-rowed barley in about 45 percent of the localities and in about 1/3 of the fields studied; on wheat in about 35—40 per cent of the localities and in nearly 1/4of the fields studied. The perfect stage of the fungus, Leptosphaeria avenaria Weber f. sp. triticea T. Johnson was found only a few times on spring wheat and barley. S. avenae Frank f. sp. avenae Shaw was found to occur only occasionally on oats in nearly 10 per cent of the localities and only in 3 per cent of the fields studied. The perfect stage of the fungus, L. avenaria Weber f. sp. avenaria Shaw was found a few times also on oats. Septoria tritici. Rob. ex Desm. was found to occur only on winter wheat in about 1/2 of the localities and in about 40 per cent of the fields studied. The fungus was found only in the spring (May to early June). It sometimes attacked fields in great profusion. In the inoculation tests it was found that the S. triticis' isolate originated from rye weakly infected not only rye but also spring wheat and winter rye. Septoria secalis Prill. & Delacr. was found to occur only on winter rye, being moderately common in 1/2 of the localities and in about ¼ of the fields studied. On the basis of this study not much can be said about the magnitude or economic importance of the damages caused by the Septoria species. In addition to Septoria species, several other parasitic fungi such as Helminthosporium-, Puccinia-, Fusarium-species and Erysiphe graminis DC. were observed to grow at the same time on the leaves of cereals.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Helminthosporium species on cereals in Finland in 1971—1973

1975 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-217
Author(s):  
Kaiho Mäkelä
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Couch Grass ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Pyrenophora Tritici Repentis ◽  
Agropyron Repens

This study was carried out on Helminthosporium species found on cereals (Avena sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L., Triticum aestivum L., Secale cereale L.) and couch grass (Agropycon repens (L.)PB.) The objective was to ascertain their distribution and general significance in Finland. The results were obtained from samples of cereals gathered in 2040 fields all over the country during the growing season 1971 1973. The samples of couch grass (approx. 170 samples) were collected infields and the borders of fields. The fungi in all the samples were examined by microscope, using the blotter method and with cultures. Many Helminthosporium species were found to be very common and abundant on cereals, especially in 1972, throughout the country and as far as Lapland. The imperfect stages (conidia) of the fungi occurred dominantly and in abundance, whereas the perfect stages of the fungi were found only occasionally at all times. Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs. on Agropyron repens was exceptional in this respect. The most widespread and common Helminthosporium fungi were the following species: H. avenae Eidam was found to be very common and abundant in more than 60 per cent of the oat fields and in nearly 90 per cent of the localities that were studied throughout the country. These figures apply to seedlings as well. H. gramineum Rabenh. ex Schlecht was found frequently in more than 30 per cent of the spring barley fields and in about 55 per cent of the localities that were studied. It was very common and abundant in Ostrobothnia and the northern parts of the country and was frequent on six-rowed barley, too. H. teres Sacc. was found to be common and abundant in nearly 60 per cent of the spring barley fields and in nearly 90 per cent of the localities that were studied. These figures apply to the seedlings as well and are especially representative of observations made in the western and southern parts of the country. The fungus was more common on six-rowed than on two-rowed barley H. tritici-repentis Died, was found to be moderately common in southern and southwestern Finland as follows: in nearly 30 per cent of the spring wheat fields and in 40 per cent of the localities studied; in 17 per cent of the winter wheat fields and in 23 the winter rye fields; for both the latter mentioned moderate abundance was observed in more than 50 per sent of the localities studied. On Agropyron repens the fungus was very common and abundant in 50 per cent of the samples and in nearly 60 per cent of the localities studied. In addition, the perfect stage of the fungi, Pyrenophora triticirepentis (Died.) Drechs. with mature ascoma and ascospores was found in about 1/4 of the samples examined throughout the country. H. sativum Pammel, King and Bakke was found to be moderately common and abundant in about 30 per cent of the spring barley fields and in 55 per cent of the localities studied throughout the country, being most common in southern and southwestern Finland. The fungus was more common on two-rowed than on six-rowed barley. The fungus was observed to be moderately common in 9 per cent of spring wheat fields and in nearly 20 per cent of the localities studied. In all fields H. sativum appeared sporadically also in seedlings on spring barley and spring wheat as well as on the roots of barley. The fungus was found to be moderately common also in oat fields, but only in 1972, whereas on winter wheat and winter rye its occurrence was only rare and sporadic. An undetermined Helminthosporium species, like H. gramineum or H. teres, was found to be sparce but moderately common, in about 10 per cent of the spring wheat fields and in nearly 20 per cent of the localities studied. It occurred only occasionally on winter wheat and on winter rye fields. It is not known how fungi damage affects crop yields. At least H. gramineum, H. teres and H. sativum on spring barley, as well as H. avenae on oats, caused severe damage to plants and occurred commonly throughout the country.

An experiment begun in 1958 measuring effects of N, P and K fertilizers on yield and N, P and K contents of grass:2. Residual effects on arable crops, 1968–76

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Penny ◽  
F. V. Widdowson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Arable Crops ◽  
Soil P ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
K Depletion

SUMMARYAn experiment at Rothamsted during 1958–67 measured effects on yield, on K uptake and on soil K of applying all combinations of 38, 75 and 113 kg N and 0, 31 and 62 kg K/ha per cut to grass leys, which were cut and removed. Soil K was depleted most where most N and least K were given. Annual applications of 0, 33 and 66 kg P/ha were also tested; soil P was not depleted. The grass was then ploughed.In 1968, residual effects were measured by spring wheat. In 1969 and in 1970 104 kg/ha of fresh K was applied on half of each plot; potatoes (1969) and spring wheat (1970) valued residual and fresh effects of K.In 1971 potatoes tested 0, 104 and 208 kg/ha of fresh K, cumulatively with the three amounts given to the grass and also extra K (104 kg/ha) on half-plots, cumulatively with that given in 1969 and 1970. In 1972 winter wheat, and in 1974 and 1975 spring barley, measured residues of all treatments previously applied (the site was fallowed in 1973).Finally, in 1976, potatoes tested 0, 156 and 312 kg/ha of fresh K on whole plots, cumulatively with the previous dressings of K, and also 156 kg/ha of extra K on half-plots, again cumulatively. All these test crops were given basal N.Yields and K contents of wheat at ear emergence and yields of wheat grain were largest after grass given 38 kg N and 62 kg K/ha per cut, because here soil K depletion was least. Wheat grain yields benefited consistently from fresh K. K content of the wheat at ear emergence was a good indicator of the need for K, but K content of grain was not, because it was unaltered by K fertilizer. Barley was a poor test crop for K, because yields of grain were little affected by previous treatments.Percentage K in potato leaves (in July in 1969 and 1971, in August in 1976) and yield of tubers were well correlated. Largest yields in 1969, 1971 and 1976 came where the leaves contained 3·43, 3·76 and 2·82% K, respectively, i.e. from soil containing most exchangeable K, plus most fresh K. There was no indication that maximum yields had been obtained, so the largest amounts (kg/ha) of fresh K tested (104 in 1969, 312 in 1971 and 468 in 1976) were insufficient to counteract depletion of soil K by the grass. Because the grass did not deplete soil P, the test crops benefited only little from either residual or fresh P.

scholarly journals Virulence of Rhizoctonia oryzae on Wheat and Barley Cultivars from the Pacific Northwest

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Paulitz ◽  
J. D. Smith ◽  
K. K. Kidwell
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Rhizoctonia Oryzae ◽  
Waitea Circinata

Rhizoctonia oryzae (teleomorph = Waitea circinata) causes sheath spot of rice and root rot of wheat and barley. R. oryzae commonly is isolated from barley, wheat, and pea plants in eastern Washington and Idaho. Eight representative isolates were tested for virulence on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Baronesse), soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Madsen), and hard red spring wheat (cv. Scarlet) planted in natural soil in the greenhouse and maintained at 16°C. All isolates caused significant reduction of emergence in barley, but only seven of the eight isolates and one of the eight isolates reduced emergence of winter wheat and spring wheat, respectively. All isolates caused significant stunting and reduction in the number of seminal roots, root length, and number of root tips on wheat and barley. Some isolates also reduced the frequency of fine secondary roots, resulting in a reduction of the average root diameter. Spring barley was more susceptible to R. oryzae than winter or spring wheat. The main effects of both cultivar and isolate were significant, and there was a significant isolate-cultivar interaction. R. oryzae isolate 80042 was the most virulent on barley, whereas R. oryzae isolate 801387 was the most virulent on wheat. The two isolates from pea were intermediate in virulence on wheat and barley. When screening germ plasm for potential resistance, isolates exhibiting the maximum virulence for each host should be used.

Use of straw and cellulosic wastes and methods of improving their value

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Working Party ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Animal Feeding ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

The most widely-quoted estimates of straw supplies and usage in England and Wales are those of a working party of the National Farmers Union (1973). They assumed the yield of straw to be 2.8 t/ha, and hence 9.3 Mt from 3.4 M ha of cereals in 1972. (The same yield from 3.7 M ha of cereals in the UK would give 10.4 Mt.) Of the 9.3 Mt, 37% was estimated to be burned in the field or ploughed in, 36% used for bedding, 15% used for feed, and 12% used for other purposes. The figure of 2.4 t/ha (1 t/acre) may well be too low. Short (1974) found straw yields at four Experimental Husbandry Farms over several years to be as follows (t/ha): winter wheat 3.71, spring wheat 4.68, spring barley 2.71, and spring oats 4.54. Wood (1974) surveyed wheat crops in Oxfordshire in 1973 and found yields of 3.7 t/ha. The total quantity of straw available is therefore likely to be considerably in excess of 9.3 Mt and could if necessary be increased further by cutting at a lower level. The accuracy of the National Farmers Union estimate of 0.15 × 10.4 = 1.6 Mt used for animal feeding is also questionable, but this amount would — if it contained 6.5 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg dry matter (DM) — be sufficient to provide only about 7% of the maintenance requirements of all cattle in Britain. On a larger scale, Balch (1977) has calculated that if all the straw grown in Europe were improved by chemical treatment it could provide 80 to 90% of the maintenance requirements of Europe's ruminant livestock. World estimates for the production of straw and other fibrous wastes are given by Owen (1976).

scholarly journals The intensity of competitive interactions between spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et. Paol) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under different fertilisation conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-203
Author(s):  
Kinga Treder ◽  
Maria Wanic ◽  
Janusz Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Better Than

Competitive interactions between spring wheat and spring barley were traced based on a pot experiment. In the years 2003-2004, three cycles of the experiment were carried out in a greenhouse. Two spring cereals - wheat and barley, sown in a mixture and in a monoculture, with different mineral fertilisation levels, were the object of evaluation and comparison. The experiment was set up according to the additive scheme, determining dry weight values for both species in 5 growth stages (emergence, tillering, shooting, heading and ripening). Results were used to determine relative yields and competition ratios. It was demonstrated that competition between the cereals started already from the emergence stage and lasted till the end of vegetation, manifesting itself with the greatest strength at the heading stage, but thereafter it weakened in the NPK poorer environment. Access to a larger pool of macroelements resulted in the intensification of competitive interactions. Spring barley used the limited growth factors better than wheat from shooting till the ripening period, and a reverse relation was exhibited only at the tillering stage.

Insect Distribution in a Spring Pea-Winter Wheat-Spring Barley Crop Rotation System

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Quisenberry ◽  
D. J. Schotzko ◽  
P. F. Lamb ◽  
F. L. Young
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Management Level ◽  
Insect Distribution ◽  
Tillage Method ◽  
Pea Leaf Weevil

The effects of tillage method (conventional or conservative) and weed management level (recommended or minimum) on insect distribution in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and pea (Pisum sativum L.) rotation were studied. Aphids were the major insect species on winter wheat and spring barley, but were not of economic importance. Beneficial species impacted aphid population levels by maintaining their numbers below economic thresholds. Tillage method and weed management level had limited impact on aphid and beneficial insect populations. Pea leaf weevil (Sitonia lineatus [L.]) and pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum [L.]) populations reached economic injury levels in 1992; two insecticide applications were needed. Pea leaf weevil populations did not reach economic levels in 1993; however, pea weevil populations reached an economic level at flowering stage and an insecticide was applied. Pea leaf weevil populations were higher in conventional tillage plots compared with conservation tillage plots. Early-season insecticide applications suppressed beneficial insects in the pea plots.

scholarly journals The Effect of Cover Crops on the Yield of Spring Barley in Estonia

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Merili Toom ◽  
Sirje Tamm ◽  
Liina Talgre ◽  
Ilmar Tamm ◽  
Ülle Tamm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Species

Using cover crops in fallow periods of crop production is an important management tool for reducing nitrate leaching and therefore improving nitrogen availability for subsequent crops. We estimated the short-term effect of five cover crop species on the yield of successive spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) for two years in Estonia. The cover crop species used in the study were winter rye (Secale cereale L.), winter turnip rape (Brassica rapa spp. oleifera L.), forage radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.). The results indicated that out of the five tested cover crops, forage radish and hairy vetch increased the yield of subsequent spring barley, whereas the other cover crops had no effect on barley yield. All cover crop species had low C:N ratios (11–17), suggesting that nitrogen (N) was available for barley early in the spring.

scholarly journals Undersown cover crops have limited weed suppression potential when reducing tillage intensity in organically grown cereals

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Salonen ◽  
E. Ketoja
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Weed Infestation

Abstract Adoption of reduced tillage in organic cropping has been slow, partly due to concerns about increasing weed infestation. Undersown cover crops (CCs) are considered to be a feasible option for weed management but their potential for weed suppression is insufficiently investigated in low-till organic cropping. The possibilities to reduce primary tillage by introducing CCs to maintain weed infestation at a level that does not substantially jeopardize crop yield were studied in a field experiment in southern Finland during 2015–2017. Eight different CC mixtures were undersown in cereals and the response in weed occurrence was consecutively assessed in spring barley, winter wheat, and finally, as a subsequent effect, in spring wheat. Growth of CCs was too slow to prevent the flush of early emerging weeds in spring barley whereas in winter wheat, CCs succeeded in hindering the growth of weeds. However, CCs could not prevent the increase of perennial weeds in a reduced tillage system in which the early growth of spring wheat was retarded in cool 2017. Consequently, after 2 years of reduced tillage, weed biomass was about 2.6 times higher and spring wheat yield was 30% lower than in plowed plots, respectively. No major differences in weed control efficacy among CC treatments were evident. A grain yield benefit was recorded after repeated use of leguminous CCs. The need for long-term field studies remains of particular interest regarding post-harvest performance and influence of CCs on perennial weeds before the inversion tillage.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document