FACE MANAGEMENT AND ISSUES OF POWER, SOLIDARITY, AND DISTANCE: SOCIO-PRAGMATIC INFLUENCES ON LITERARY DISCOURSES

<p>Language use is always strategic. Speakers do not only choose linguistic forms, they also choose strategies. This paper intends to explore the ways the language users take to attain their communicate goals, i.e., pragmatic strategies. Specifically, this article aims at a comprehensive positivist of the conversational pragmatic strategies in part of the novel <em>Man, Woman and Child</em> by Erich Segal; the direct-indirect pragmatic strategies in the eighty-nine Coca-Cola consumer advertisements from the year 1886 up to the year 1980; the “conversational maxim” pragmatic strategies in some 793 business letters, the “conversational maxim” pragmatic strategies in seven e-mails; and the “face-management” pragmatic strategies in some 793 business letters. The goal of study is to verify the universality and feasibility of the implementation of pragmatic strategies, both in literary and business writings. Only in this way can the language users achieve their communicative goal effectively.</p>

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Politeness in compliment responses

Pragmatics ◽

10.1075/prag.16.1.03ruh ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 43-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Şükriye Ruhi

Keyword(s):

Management Approach ◽

Motivating Factors ◽

Self Presentation ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Self Image ◽

Compliment Responses ◽

Face Management ◽

Politeness Strategies ◽

The Face ◽

Negative Face

This paper analyses a corpus of compliment responses in Turkish according to the conversational maxim approach (Leech 1983, 2003) and the face-management approach (Brown and Levinson 1987) with a view to extending the conceptualisation of self-presentation in theorising on politeness. It observes that the two theories ground politeness on consideration for alter and give precedence to politeness in the sense of displaying deference and solidarity at the expense of self-politeness, described in the present study as speaker need for display of competence, self-confidence, and individuality in interaction, besides the need for non-imposition. Regarding the maxim approach, the paper argues that conversational implicatures triggered by a variety of responses ultimately tie to the Tact Maxim and more specifically to the Sympathy Maxim in the Turkish context. The analysis reveals that compliment responses may override the Politeness Principle, that self-presentational concerns are crucial motivating factors, and that face concerns need to be incorporated into the model. From the perspective of the face-management approach, the study supports the claim in O’Driscoll (1996) and Spencer-Oatey (2000) that the notions of positive and negative face as need for community and autonomy need to be disentangled from the theory’s conceptualisation of face as public self-image. With the incorporation of a number of self-politeness strategies, the face-theoretic analysis builds on this distinction and integrates it with the concept of interactional imbalance by extending an analytic framework adapted from Bayraktaroğlu (1991). The paper concludes with suggestions on how the two theories may complement each other.

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Understanding Face and Shame: A Servant-Leadership and Face Management Model

Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling Advancing theory and professional practice through scholarly and reflective publications ◽

10.1177/1542305018825052 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 19-29

Author(s):

Jiying Song

Keyword(s):

Servant Leadership ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Management Model ◽

Hermeneutic Phenomenological ◽

Institutional Review ◽

Face Management ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

The Church

Clergy can have a negative impact on churches and other individuals when they knowingly or unknowingly attempt to save face, that is, try to protect their standing or reputation. The desire to gain face and the fear of losing face and feeling ashamed will likely permeate clergy’s decision-making processes without even being noticed. This study explores the essence of face and face management and the relationship between face management and two characteristics of servant-leadership—awareness and healing—in both Chinese and American churches through the methodology of hermeneutic phenomenology. Prior to this study, to my knowledge, no hermeneutic phenomenological research of face management has been conducted in a church setting. Through a review of the literature, four areas are explored: face and shame, face management, servant-leadership, and face, shame, and face management within the church. This study obtained approval from the Institutional Review Board and informed consent from the participants. Three Chinese and three American Christian ministers were chosen to complete a question sheet and participate in two semi-structured interview sessions. A first cycle of open coding and second cycle of pattern coding were used during data analysis. Face experiences are discussed in light of eight major themes: body, triggers, becoming, face concepts, strategies, emotions, servant-leadership, and the church. Findings from the study help build a servant-leadership and face management model, which can offer an anchored approach for clergy and pastoral counselors to address face and shame and to develop therapeutic interventions.

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Face management of Japanese while making requests to superiors

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e633982013-706 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Satoshi Moriizumi ◽

Tomoaki Unagami ◽

Jiro Takai

Keyword(s):

Face Management

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Reactance to Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Messages: Face Threat and Face Management Strategies in Memorable Daily Conversations Among Couples

Health Communication ◽

10.1080/10410236.2021.2010354 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Elizabeth Dorrance-Hall ◽

Shelby Wilcox ◽

Amanda Holmstrom ◽

Johnny McGraw ◽

Ralf Schmälzle

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Healthy Eating ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Face Management ◽

Face Threat

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Differential innovation in 2nd person pronouns and agreement indexation in Trans-Himalayan languages

Folia Linguistica ◽

10.1515/flin-2021-2017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 55 (s42-s1) ◽

pp. 155-174

Author(s):

Scott DeLancey

Keyword(s):

Information Management ◽

Stable Form ◽

Management Function ◽

Person Reference ◽

Face Management ◽

The Family ◽

Pronominal Reference ◽

In Trans ◽

The Difference ◽

The Stability

Abstract Tibeto-Burman languages show a drastic difference in the stability of independent and bound 2nd person forms. The 2nd person pronoun *naŋ is the most stable form in the Proto-Trans-Himalayan paradigm, preserved in almost every low-level clade, while 1st person is sometimes replaced. But 2nd person indexation in the verb is highly unstable. There were two distinct forms already in PTH, a suffix #-na, belonging to the original paradigm, and an innovative prefix #tV-, as well as an irrealis form which could be used with 2nd person reference. In daughter languages across the family we find further innovations in this category. These facts pose two questions. The first – why is 2nd person indexation so unstable? – can be interpreted in terms of politeness and face management. But this raises another question – if 2nd person indexation is inherently unstable, why is 2nd person independent pronominal reference not? The difference in stability reflects a difference in function. In Tibeto-Burman languages, with or without argument indexation, independent pronouns are always ‘optional’, i.e. carry some information management function such as contrast. Thus when pronominal reference to the addressee might be awkward, it can always be avoided, so there is no need to innovate face-saving substitutes for it. In contrast, in languages with argument indexation, the verbal index is obligatory, so any desire to avoid direct reference to one’s interlocutor requires adopting an alternative construction which then, over time, may grammaticalize into a new 2nd person index.

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