scholarly journals Politeness in compliment responses

Pragmatics ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şükriye Ruhi
Keyword(s):  
Management Approach ◽  
Motivating Factors ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Compliment Responses ◽  
Face Management ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Negative Face

This paper analyses a corpus of compliment responses in Turkish according to the conversational maxim approach (Leech 1983, 2003) and the face-management approach (Brown and Levinson 1987) with a view to extending the conceptualisation of self-presentation in theorising on politeness. It observes that the two theories ground politeness on consideration for alter and give precedence to politeness in the sense of displaying deference and solidarity at the expense of self-politeness, described in the present study as speaker need for display of competence, self-confidence, and individuality in interaction, besides the need for non-imposition. Regarding the maxim approach, the paper argues that conversational implicatures triggered by a variety of responses ultimately tie to the Tact Maxim and more specifically to the Sympathy Maxim in the Turkish context. The analysis reveals that compliment responses may override the Politeness Principle, that self-presentational concerns are crucial motivating factors, and that face concerns need to be incorporated into the model. From the perspective of the face-management approach, the study supports the claim in O’Driscoll (1996) and Spencer-Oatey (2000) that the notions of positive and negative face as need for community and autonomy need to be disentangled from the theory’s conceptualisation of face as public self-image. With the incorporation of a number of self-politeness strategies, the face-theoretic analysis builds on this distinction and integrates it with the concept of interactional imbalance by extending an analytic framework adapted from Bayraktaroğlu (1991). The paper concludes with suggestions on how the two theories may complement each other.

scholarly journals A Sociopragmatic Study of Intra-Gender Compliment Responses by Saudi College Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-166
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Compliment Responses ◽  
Face Management ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
King Abdulaziz University ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines compliment responses in Hejazi Arabic as used by Saudi college students. It focuses on the types of compliment responses used, the relationship of the speaker’s gender with his/her compliment behavior, and the sociocultural values attached to this behavior. Examples of compliment responses were elicited from King Abdulaziz University students using a number of compliment formulas that are generally considered to be very common in Hejazi Arabic. The compliment responses were analyzed in terms of their semantic, pragmatic, and sociolinguistic characteristics, based on Leech’s (1983) politeness maxims and the face-management approach of Brown and Levinson (1987). The analysis shows that the speakers, especially women, accept the compliment paid to them in the majority of the compliment responses collected, which can be accounted for by Leech’s Approbation, Tact and Agreement Maxims in which the interlocutors emphasize their closeness with each other. In accordance with face-politeness, the dominance of the acceptance compliment responses makes them as positive politeness strategies in which the compliment recipient negotiates or offers solidarity with the complimenter. In examining the concepts of complimenting in culture-specific contexts, this research provides further data to understand, illustrate and test the abovementioned politeness models. It also contributes to sociolinguistic theory by examining variation in the use of compliment responses in same-sex interactions. Keywords: compliments; compliment responses; gender; Hejazi Arabic; politeness maxims, positive politeness

Politeness strategies and the representation of women in the Holy Qur’an

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-435
Author(s):  
Kawakib Al Momani ◽  
Fathi Migdadi ◽  
Eman Rabab’a
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Other ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Social Unity ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Negative Face ◽  
Sensitive Issues

Abstract The goal of this study is to examine the strategies of politeness used in the Qur’an, the holy book of Muslims, to address and represent women. Women have been represented negatively in many different types of texts through face-threatening acts that sustain masculine power and hegemony. This study attempts to investigate the image of women in the most sacred book of Muslims. Two aspects are examined herein: the representation of women in relation to sensitive issues like sex and marriage, and the forms of address and reference to women. A qualitative approach is used to provide interpretations of the hidden meanings in the selected excerpts, adopting Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness and Leech’s maxims of politeness as the guides for the analysis. The analysis has revealed that women all through Qur’an have been addressed and referred to decently and politely. Unlike most of the other topics where bald-on-record strategies are used, the use of off-record strategies and positive and negative face strategies of politeness have been found to be dominant in discussion of issues relevant to women. These strategies have been used to avoid unpleasant communication in spiritual issues, and also to avoid misrepresentation of women, demeaning of their persons, causing any embarrassment, and thereby saving the face of both women and recipients. However, bald-on-record strategies are sometimes used in topics related to legal matters concerning familial and social unity and solidarity. The analysis has demonstrated the means by which language is used in the Glorious Qur’an to courteously address women. Concerning interpersonal maxims, the approbation, modesty, sympathy, tact, and agreement maxims have shown to be evident in addressing and referring to women. This study will contribute to the field of pragmatics and will lead to cross-religious and cross-cultural understanding during a period where Islam and its teachings are being widely questioned and examined.

scholarly journals Tindak Tutur Joko Anwar yang Mengancam dan Strategi Kesantunan Tidak Langsung terhadap Livi Zheng dalam Acara Q&A: Belaga “Hollywood” di Metro TV

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Erin Nur Aini ◽  
Ika Nurhayani ◽  
Hamamah Hamamah
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cooperative Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Method

This study aims to investigate the speech acts used by Joko Anwar who threatened live Zheng and politeness strategies in the Q&A program: BELAGA“HOLLYWOOD”. A descriptive method with document analysis is used in this study. The results of this study are found five forms of speech acts namely assertive, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative threatening Livi Zheng. Assertive speech acts in the form of complaining are more often used by Joko Anwar when threatening the face or self-image of Livi Zheng. To reduce the threat, indirect politeness strategies or off-record strategies are used by Joko Anwar. Speech with sarcastic messages or criticisms is conveyed with indirectly meaning, this politeness strategy is chosen so that communication can still be carried out without breaking the cooperative relationship between the speaker and the speech partner. This study shows that although there are threats in the speech delivered, with the indirect politeness strategy is also used to maintain the face or self-image in public.

scholarly journals KAJIAN PRAGMATIK KESANTUAN BERBAHASA ARAB PADA NOVEL KAUKAB AMUN KARYA SALLY MAGDI

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Aminah
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Saving ◽  
Negative Face

This article discusses the politeness in Arabic speech especially on the politeness strategies used by the characters in the novel Kaukab Amūn. By utilizing Brown and Levinson's view of politeness, it is concluded that in order for communication to be smooth and harmonious, speakers and hearer use positive and negative politeness strategies. The strategy of positive politeness that is done in order to maintain the proximity between the speaker and the hearer is realized in the form of avoiding conflict, involving the opponent in a certain activity/speaker activity, promising, giving praise, expressing jokes, giving attention and sympathy, using certain identity identifiers, asking approval, and showing optimism. The negative politeness strategy is done by using the indirect sentence, reducing the strength or the threat to the speech partner, using the apology expression, and paying respects to the hearer. In the dialogue between characters in the novel Kaukab Amūn face threatenings were found, both positive and negative face threathening and the characters use the face saving act strategies.

scholarly journals Winning the Customers Over and Again: Investigating Discourse Features in Nigeria Banking Interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-59
Author(s):  
Bartholomew Ayeni
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Linguistic Strategies ◽  
Bank Staff ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Bank Employees ◽  
Face Saving ◽  
Retention Device ◽  
Negative Face

This paper explores the communication strategies employed by service providers in Nigeria banks to gain new and retain their old customers. This is done by looking at the discourse features inherent in banking interactions. The researcher was given the impetus to undertake this study because of the uniqueness exhibited in banking and business discourse. One could easily have drawn a conclusion that, as expected of every business interaction, the banking interaction would be without fuss because of the training employees receive on human relations, but these findings reveal that this is not always the case. However, the fact that employees have more successful interactions is one that cannot be denied, and this success can be attributed to the application of politeness strategies by bank staff. Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory serves as theoretical framework. Eleven texts from bank employee-customers interactions were purposively selected and subjected to content analysis in order to reveal linguistic strategies employed in them. It is realised that bank employees adopt features like inclusion, directness, informality, face saving features like avoidance of questions, politeness markers, hesitation and taciturnity when interacting with customers. It is also observed that bank employees use hesitation mostly to avoid making absolute statements which could affect customers’ negative face. Also, face saving strategies are the most used as employees do everything to save customer from embarrassment and make them feel good. Inclusion strategies by bank employees serve as vital retention device. This affects the choice of code and kinship terms used by bank employees when relating with customers. In the face of the heat with customers, bank employees resort to taciturnity as an avoidance strategy so that they are not held by their words. Politeness markers like ‘please’ are used even where they do not seem necessary and sorry is not commonly used. In all, bank employees’ attempt to treat their customers as kings in line with their training.

scholarly journals POLITENESS PHENOMENON

10.23856/3212 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Yevheniia Kornielaieva
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Cooperative Principle ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Powerful Means ◽  
Face Threats ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Negative Face

The present article deals with the problem of human interaction which serves the subject of such sciences as linguistics, pragmatics as well as psychology, sociology, anthropology, so on. Human interaction is also studied within Politeness Theory once developed by P. Brown and St. Levinson. Politeness Theory has become quite influential as it is aimed at redressing of offences to a person’s self-image, or face, by face-threatening acts. According to P. Brown and St. Levinson, politeness is a universal concept. It is the powerful means that helps the speaker to express his intentions and mitigate face threats carried by his face-threatening acts to the listener. Therefore, politeness makes it possible for the speaker to save his own face and the face of his partner of communication. In other words, politeness ensures the rights of communicants not to be interfered with and to be approved of. These rights make up positive and negative face of a communicant. Positive face implies the interactant’s desire to be appreciated and to be approved of while negative face presents the want to be unimpeded by others. These two related aspects determine the strategies of positive and negative politeness that are aimed at reinforcing the positive image of a communicant and at preserving their independence. On the whole, politeness provide mutual comfort and harmonious flow of human interaction. The same idea is supported by G. Leech, G. Kasper, B. Fraser, P. Grice who develops Cooperative Principle of polite communication. Being a universal concept politeness is realised through a set of strategies. The author of the article calls such point of view on politeness “western-oriented”. As for Russian and Ukrainian linguists, they see politeness as speech etiquette which is released in speech formulae. Choosing this or that speech etiquette formula, communicants establish, support and terminate the contact in accordance with socially accepted rules of conversation, thus, making their interaction pleasant and friendly. Politeness is not regarded as a set of strategies, but only as politeness formulae.

scholarly journals “Be the Dream Queen”: Gender Performativity, Femininity, and Transgender Sex Workers in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11168
Author(s):  
Eileen Y. H. Tsang
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Gender Performativity ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Construction Of Self ◽  
The Face ◽  
Gender Performances

An under-researched aspect of transgender sex workers in China pertains to their desires and expressions of femininity. Male-to-Female (MTF) transgender sex workers are a high-risk population prone to depression and stress regarding body image, intimate relationships marked by violence, and social stigma, rendering them vulnerable to hate crimes and discrimination. Ethnographic data from in-depth interviews with 49 MTF transgender sex workers indicate that sex, gender and feminine desire are mutable in the construction of self and subjectivity. This study uses the conceptual framework of gender performativity, that is, gender is performative and distinct from physical bodies and binary classifications. It is not only an individual’s normative gender expressions which are based on the sex assigned at birth, but it also reinforces the normative gender performances of the gender binary. This article argues that the 49 MTF transgender sex workers are embodiments of gendered performances, displaying femininity to ameliorate hate crimes and discrimination as well as reinforce the masculinity and sexuality of their clients and intimate sex partners. Embracing their femininity constitutes a self-help program, enabling them to build self-confidence and develop a positive self-image in the face of overwhelming social disapproval.

scholarly journals Taking care of their positive online face? Reasons and strategy development

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Dora Loizidou ◽  
Dina Savlovska
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Strategy Development ◽  
Discussion Forums ◽  
Intercultural Awareness ◽  
National Image ◽  
The Public ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The University ◽  
Negative Face

This paper examines a peer virtual exchange project between students at the University of Cyprus and the University of Latvia. The main purpose of this project is to develop intercultural awareness. Through telecollaborative tasks, students are asked to interact in a common discussion space around elements related to their cultural values. The aim of this paper is to discuss students’ strategies for these online exchanges. The hypothesis this paper seeks to examine is that students do not express themselves freely in the discussion forums in order to protect their personal and national image. We are thus interested in the public self-image of the students, known as ‘face’. Our findings identified politeness strategies and we are interested in the main reasons for their acts towards positive and/or negative face.

Politeness Strategies and Social Dimensions in Once Upon A Time Season 1 Movie Series: Sociopragmatics Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
HENDAR HENDAR ◽  
BUNGA GALUH ANDRETTA TRISNANDI
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Social Distance Scale ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Research Show

The purposes of this research are to find out the types of politeness strategies used to save the face of the characters in Once Upon A Time season 1 and to identify the dominant scale of social dimensions when using politeness strategies in Once Upon A Time season 1. This research uses qualitative-descriptive analysis method and to get the data needed in this research the writer did the following steps: watching the movies, transcribing the speech, searching the data, classifying the data, analyzing the data and drawing a conclusion related to the types of politeness strategies and the dominant scale of social dimensions. The source of the data used is taken from the serial film Once Upon A Time season 1 by Edward Kitsis dan Adam Horowitz. The results of this research show that there are four types of politeness strategies found in the serial film Once Upon A Time season 1. They are 10 data of bald on-record (28,6%), 8 data of positive politeness strategies (22,9%), 13 data of negative politeness strategies (37,1%) and 4 data of off-record consists (11,4%) and the most dominant scale of four social dimension scales is social distance scale 14 data (40%).

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