scholarly journals Forest legislation of Peter the great: traditions and innovations

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
Vitaly V. Penskoy ◽  
Evgeniy E. Tonkov ◽  
Natalya A. Kosolapova ◽  
Nikolay Iv. Svechnikov ◽  
Svetlana G. Alekseeva
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
State Activity ◽  
Forest Legislation ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Modern Russian

Russian Tsar Peter Alekseevich, who went down in history as a reformer and the first Russian emperor, in his activities to transform the patriarchal Moscow kingdom into the modern Russian Empire affected almost all spheres of state activity. He did not lose his attention and forest legislation. According to the authors of the article, Peter created the foundations of forest legislation, the main feature of which was the protection of state interest to the detriment of the private. Thus, the authors of the article believe, that Peter’s etatist views were clearly manifested in his forest legislation. At the same time, it should be noted that when developing forest laws, Peter was forced to take into account tradition and apply innovations to established customs. According to the authors, this explains the contradiction of Peter's forest legislation. At the same time, the authors believe that Peter was forced to solve problems that can be called environmental, defending state interest in forest management.

scholarly journals The forest department as a state-legal institution of the Russian Empire: formation and development

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
V. V. Chernykh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
Legal Institution ◽  
Forest Department ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Management Structure ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Forest Legislation ◽  
Russian Forest

The article highlights the formation and improvement of Russian forest management during the XVIII–XIX centuries. The birth, functioning and main stages of the state legal institute of the Russian Empire-the Forest Department. The contribution of the leaders of the empire to the improvement of forest legislation, the development and improvement of forest state policy is noted, the activities for the conservation, protection and restoration of forests of the Russian Empire are considered. The main legislative initiatives and changes in the forest industry, improvement in the management structure of the Forest Department are monitored. The imperial decrees and resolutions of a forest nature, on the creation of a forest management system, the organization of the forest guard, the recruitment of the forest department are considered, the emperor’s desire to ensure the integrity of forests is emphasized. The main stages of the forest department’s activity are analyzed, highlighting special achievements in the field of forest legislation and state measures for the implementation of forest management and forest protection works

Sections of the Early 18th Century Ditch at Fort Umrevinsky

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
A. P. Borodovsky
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Southwestern Siberia ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Military Engineering ◽  
Early 18Th Century ◽  
Specific Profile ◽  
Modern Russian

This article describes identified sections of an early 18th century ditch at Fort Umrevinsky in the Upper Ob Basin. Such protective structures mark a certain stage in the evolution of military engineering in the era of Peter the Great (1694–1725) in southwestern Siberia. The design of the earliest parts of the preserved ditches allows us to address the influence of European fortification on Early Modern Russian defensive architecture. Several factors affecting the depth and profile of early 18th century ditches at Umrevinsky are discussed. They include seasonality of specialized trenching tools and the adoption and transformation of European fortification principles by 17th and early 18th Russian military engineers. At Umrevinsky, apart from the specific profile of the ditch, specialized tools were revealed, similar to those mentioned in documents on 18th century fortification. Also, specific features of the preserved parts of the ditch mirror the utmost irregularity in adoption of de Vauban’s fortification principles of the Tsardom of Muscovy, including Siberia. Our finds at Fort Umrevinsky supplement the scarce descriptions of Siberian forts in Russian documents.

Codification of the Natural Resource Legislation in the Russian Empire

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Eleonora Sergeevna NAVASARDOVA ◽  
Roman Vladimirovich NUTRIKHIN ◽  
Tatyana Nikolaevna ZINOVYEVA ◽  
Vladimir Aleksandrovich SHISHKIN ◽  
Julia Valeryevna JOLUDEVA
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Forest Legislation

The codification of the legislation on lands, forests, subsoil and other natural resources in the Russian Empire (1721-1917) is studied herein. Some sources of the systematization process in this field of legislation in the period, preceding the formation of the empire, from the time of the ʼCouncil Codeʼ to the reforms of Peter I (1649-1720) are revealed. Initially, the formation of the legal regulation in this field had the form of adoption of numerous separate legal acts. Such law-making methods were casual in nature and resulted in the emergence of internal contradictions in the legislation, which became too extensive and inconsistent. This was the strong reason for the urgent need for its systematization. The land law was most developed in Russia in the pre-imperial and imperial periods, which was due to the prevalence of agricultural production and the special importance of land relations. The land legislation was codified prior to other natural resource industries. The second most important in this area was the forest legislation. This was explained by the abundance of forests and their active use in economic activities, which required serious legal regulation. The importance of subsoil legislation had increased over time, due to increased exploitation of mineral resources. Later, water and faunal law began to develop actively and systematically. The milestone in the development of natural resource industries was M.M. Speransky's codification reform, the main result of which was the appearance of the ʼCode of Laws of the Russian Empireʼ. The separate codes included in it were specifically devoted to land, forest and mineral relations. First of all, they were the ʼCode of Survey Lawsʼ (vol. X), the ʼCode of Institutions and Forest Chartersʼ (vol. VIII) and the ʼCode of Institutions and Mineral Chartersʼ (vol. VII), which, however, were only the part of the array of legal norms on lands, forests and subsoil. Other volumes of the Code of Laws contained a large number of them. The norms of water and faunal law had no separate codes. Their systematization was carried out in the charters of the related branches of law. Along with this codification, a large number of separate normative nature-resource acts were issued. Not all of them were organically included in the relevant codes; they simply joined them as the official annexes. The systematization of the legislation on natural resources in the empire was not very consistent and was not always successful (Engelstein 1993: 339). Even after the most extensive imperial codification, it remained extremely fragmented. However, the demerger of certain natural resource charters from the Code of Laws as the separate codification units indicated the beginning of the formation of the land, forest and mineral law in pre-revolutionary Russia as the independent branches.

scholarly journals Chips off the Old Block: An Old Fuel with a New Twist

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendell P. MacIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
White Birch ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Land Clearing ◽  
Virgin Forest ◽  
Almost All

The first settlers in the early 1700's found almost all of Prince Edward Island covered by a magnificent virgin forest of sugar maple, yellow and white birch, beech, red oak and poplar blended with some spruce, fir, white pine, larch, hemlock and cedar. Nearly three hundred years of logging, land clearing and poor forest management have reduced the forest area by 50% and left the remaining forest largely a silvicultural slum. Recent federal/provincial agreements, however, have given rise to the expectation that P.E.I. will once again become self-sufficient for wood and that use of forest biomass will greatly reduce the dependence on oil for energy.

scholarly journals The History of Pre-Petrine Russia as Recounted by Voltaire: The View of an Enlightened European

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Mezin
Keyword(s):  
World History ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
French Writer ◽  
History Of ◽  
Realistic Form ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
New Look

This article analyses Voltaire’s evaluation of pre-Petrine Russia, its evolution, the sources of Voltaire’s data on medieval Muscovy, and his Russian contemporaries’ attitude to the historical work of the enlightener. The topic of Russia is touched upon in a number of Voltaire’s works: The History of Charles XII, Anecdotes of Peter the Great, Essay on the Customs and the Spirit of the Nations, and History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great. Peter I is always characterised as the “creator” of a new Russia. This idea, as well as European stereotypes of Muscovy, determined the author’s attitude to pre-Petrine Rus’. Voltaire created a picture of a barbaric society characterised by superstitions, ignorance, despotism, the enslavement of its subjects, the dominance of Asian customs, and isolation. In History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great, Voltaire softens his characterisation of pre-Petrine Rus’. It no longer looks to him like a country stuck in its barbarism. Voltaire emphasises the desire of Peter’s predecessors for transformation, as a result of which the picture of medieval Russia acquires a more realistic form. On becoming acquainted with the sources, the enlightener’s observations indicate the formation of a new look at the process of civilization. The article’s author singles out issues of medieval history of Russia considered by Voltaire in his works and the sources that formed the basis of the “Russian” works of the famous French writer, paying attention to the conclusions that ultimately not only confirmed Voltaire’s new history of Russia, but also outlined novel ways to study world history.

scholarly journals Legal Problems of Realization of Rights on Forest Areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Юлия Шуплецова ◽  
Yuliya Shupletsova
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Forest Law ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Forest Use ◽  
Forest Legislation ◽  
Renewable Natural Resource ◽  
The Right

Presented article is the result of study of the issues of legal regulation of forest exploitation in the Russian Federation made by the author. The work substantiates the position according to which the use of forests is a form of realization of the subjective rights of forest management. Forests are the main natural resources of Russia and of the world. Despite the fact that the forests are renewable natural resource, their protection from damage and destruction during use is one of the most important tasks of the forest law. The author concludes that taking into account features of object of legal regulation, in the process of implementation of right for the forest management responsibilities of the right holder are essential. The article also examines the main types of forest use envisaged by the forest legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as legal problems arising in the implementation of forest management by different actors of economic and other activities. The author analyzes a number of subordinate normative legal acts and court decisions to identify legal uncertainties and gaps in the forestry law.

scholarly journals Unknown pages from Maria Kantakuzino’s biography

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Victor Tvircun ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
Biographical Data ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Russian Empire

Thе present publication is the first in historiography to highlight the unknown pages from the biography of Maria Andreevna Kantakuzino, wife of Foma (Toma) Kantakuzino, Major General of the Russian Army, an associate of Peter the Great. The research is based on documents discovered by the author in the State archives of the Russian Federation. The hallmark of this article is the fact, that the biographical data of Maria Cantacuzino are disclosed in the context of the political events of the 1st quarter of the 18th century, as well as her personal ties and correspondence with statesmen of the Russian Empire, the author reflects the issue of the financial situation of the countess in Russia. At the same time, the publication sheds light on the previously unknown biographical data of Maria Cantacuzino – the time and conditions of her arrival in Russia, the place of residence, as well as the date of her death. This publication, on the basis of archival documents discovered and introduced into scientific circulation, makes it possible to show the property status and possessions of the Cantacuzino family in Russia in the first half of the 18th century, as well as their fate after the death of the owners.

Apostle of Obscurantism: the Archimandrite Photius of Russia (1792–1838)

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Wieczynski
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
National History ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Modern Russian

The archimandrite Photius of Russia, one of the most unusual figures to appear in a national history hardly lacking in the bizarre, played a unique role in the development of the modern Russian State. Possibly no other Russian churchman in modern times enjoyed so much power, however briefly, and used it for such unfortunate purposes as Photius. Through his influence upon the emperor Alexander i he determined the history of the Russian empire in such a manner that beneficial trends of growth were terminated and salutary movements aborted, to the great disadvantage of later generations. Had he lived during the reign of Nicholas ii, not a century earlier, Photius would undoubtedly have garnered something of the immortality accorded to those who brought Russia to its final dissolution; yet his role in the decline and fall of the Romanovs was no less than that of those who followed later.

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