The region and its resources

This chapter describes the landscapes of production found around London. Salterns and stone quarries in the Thames estuary, managed woodlands upriver of the city, and the ironworking sites of the High Weald are considered, along with the evidence for livestock and arable farming. These extraction industries responded to the creation of the Roman city, and saw considerable intensification from the Flavian period into the second century. This drew on the development of a supporting infrastructure that benefitted from military engineering and management, and is argued to have responded to elevated procuratorial demand. Some surplus may have been raised by taxes and rents in kind, and parallels are drawn with sharecropping arrangements for tenant farming documented in North Africa. The potential importance of imperial and other estates is also reviewed. Whilst direct evidence is lacking it is argued that imperial land-holdings would have been extensive in conquered territories, and this may account for some of the particularities of the economic relationship between London and its hinterland.

Assessment of Solar Photovoltaic Water Pumping of WASA Tube Wells for Irrigation in Quetta Valley Aquifer

This paper investigates the impact of tube wells on the discharge and water table of the Quetta Valley aquifer and conducts a financial analysis of the solar photovoltaic water pumping system (SPVWP) in comparison with a typical pumping system for the Water and Sanitation Agency of Quetta’s (WASA) tube wells. Quetta Valley is dependent on groundwater as surface resources are on decline and unpredictable. The population of this city has exponentially increased from 0.26 million in 1975 to 2.2 million in 2017 which has put a lot of pressure on the groundwater aquifer by installing more than 500 large capacity tube wells by WASA and Public Health Engineering (PHE) departments in addition to thousands of low-capacity private tube wells. The unprecedented running of these wells has resulted in drying of the historical Karez system, agricultural activities, and the sharp increase in power tariffs. There are 423 tube wells in operation installed by WASA in addition to PHE, Irrigation and Military Engineering Services (MES), which covers 60% of the city’s water demand. The results will be beneficial for organizations and positively impact the operation of these wells to meet public water demand. For the two zones, i.e., Zarghoon and Chiltan in Quetta Valley, recommendations are given for improved water management.

Military Science Priorities in Georgia (Military Engineering Organization)

The priorities of military science, particularly military engineering organization and its structure against the background of today’s threats and challenges, the role of military sciences on the different stages of the development of defense capabilities of the country are crucial. The main attention is focused on the development of engineering structures and subdivisions that should ensure the growth of the country’s defense capabilities and engineering potential based on the principles of total defense. The military engineering organization will be put into operation in the total defense scheme and will ensure the creation of a unified engineering system of the country. An idea of engineering headquarter means that it will be the part of the General Staff of the Defense Forces and ensures the improvement of management and control of engineering operations, as well as management and preparation of infrastructural projects to increase engineering capabilities. There is given comparison and balance concerning engineering functions and levels of operations in every stage of warfare. The structures of engineering subdivisions that should be put into operation to improve engineering capabilities to perform engineering operations on strategic, operational and tactical levels are also discussed.

Military Bridges and Their Usage in Emergency (Natural Disasters) Situations

The role of military bridges in military-civilian operations is very important. The introductory part briefly discusses the classification of military bridges and their brief history of development, highlighting the importance of military bridges during hostilities. The main part discribes the usage of military-engineering subdivisions, in particular, military bridges, during civilian military operations, such as their use in the elimination of natural or technogenic disasters. The article discusses examples of the use of military bridges in the last part of the history of Georgia, their importance during the liquidation of the crisis, such as: the use of a military bridge (КМ-02Т) in the construction of IDP settlements in the post-war Georgia, the use of infrastructure damaged by the Nenskra River in the Svaneti region, and the use of spinal bridges over the Terg River in Kazbegi Municipality. The use of military bridges is one of the best examples of military civilian operations.

Military road interpolation into public roads network in conditions of natural disaster

The traffic connection of an area is important for the economic development of the country, but it is of decisive importance for defence purposes. Unlike carefully planned public roads, the concept of military road construction must include solutions for "sudden and non-standard" or sudden and unusual circumstances and events, whether military forces participate in war or peacetime (natural disasters) operations. The paper presents the military roads partition and methods of construction in specific terrain. Military engineering units have a key role in the provision of traffic communications. The example shows the construction of a road for evacuation of the population after a natural disaster by bridging the river with a launch bridge with a tank bridge carrier MT-55A with a construction time framework.

Estimate of Efficiency of Class and Learning Activities based on Criterion-Oriented Testing

The research featured the views of the teaching staff of a military engineering university about didactic testing and diagnostics. It included a survey of students' learning motivation based on the achievement goal theory. The military students proved to be oriented towards improving their skills and getting new knowledge in order to achieve professional and personal growth. The article introduces a criterion-oriented estimate of efficiency methods that can be used to assess class activities and communicative interaction between the teacher and the student. The modeling process was illustrated using the mathematical formalization method. The authors believe that criterion-oriented testing can help to verify teachers' achievements. The article justifies the need to develop new criterion-oriented methodologies for identifying teachers' performance and offers a detailed algorithm that can be used in future research and verification of professional achievements.

PROSPECTS OF MODERN FORTIFICATION

The relevance of modern means of fortification and creation of new principles of spatial and urban planning solutions for special structures of defense, law enforcement and penitentiary systems, and border protection are investigated. It was researched that the presence of artificial intelligence, modern means of computer equipment and communications enables withdrawing human resources from the area of direct military clashes, and thus, the fortification will not have to protect a person on the battlefield anymore. Scientific and technological progress offers the latest firing systems with automatic target recognition and destruction. Thus, field fortification would enter the fundamentally new features that are not related to a person's protection from the means of destruction. Techniques for camouflage practicing, ensuring suddenness and the effectiveness of the use of defensive structures and devices would also become fundamentally new. The techniques for disguising, ensuring suddenness and the effectiveness of the use of defensive structures and devices will also become fundamentally new. As it was mentioned in the article, nowadays, terrible future that was described by numerous futurists and anti-utopians is here already. The global information networks, hybrid warfare, encroachments not on the burnt desert but on the thinking of the population of countries being subjected to aggression. It is precisely clear that the peace agreements reached as a result of the Second World War have been grossly trampled over by the imperial claims of the Russian Federation. Thus, there is an urgent need for scientific research that will provide the further development of the fortification as a complete field of the military engineering. The article points put that such investigations are likely to be carried out, but they are not advertised, as it should be in military affairs. The current state of affairs in Ukraine is really alarming. We are in a state of permanent armed conflict with an enemy who is stronger than us, practically protecting the world from the aggressive imperial encroachments of the Putin regime. It is a challenge for us: how to build defense, including fortifications. Meanwhile, there is only a loud embarrassment with so-called "Yatseniuk's wall".

Sections of the Early 18th Century Ditch at Fort Umrevinsky

This article describes identified sections of an early 18th century ditch at Fort Umrevinsky in the Upper Ob Basin. Such protective structures mark a certain stage in the evolution of military engineering in the era of Peter the Great (1694–1725) in southwestern Siberia. The design of the earliest parts of the preserved ditches allows us to address the influence of European fortification on Early Modern Russian defensive architecture. Several factors affecting the depth and profile of early 18th century ditches at Umrevinsky are discussed. They include seasonality of specialized trenching tools and the adoption and transformation of European fortification principles by 17th and early 18th Russian military engineers. At Umrevinsky, apart from the specific profile of the ditch, specialized tools were revealed, similar to those mentioned in documents on 18th century fortification. Also, specific features of the preserved parts of the ditch mirror the utmost irregularity in adoption of de Vauban’s fortification principles of the Tsardom of Muscovy, including Siberia. Our finds at Fort Umrevinsky supplement the scarce descriptions of Siberian forts in Russian documents.