REVIEW: Ophir: Bougainville's epic struggle for freedom

Ophir: Decolonize. Revolutionize, directed by Alexandre Berman and Olivier Pollet. Arsam International/Fourth World Films/Ulster University. 2020. 97 minutes. https://www.ophir-film.com/ IN OPHIR (2020), a feature length documentary film about the Bougainville civil war (1989-1998), French filmmakers Alexandre Berman and Olivier Pollet analyse the devastating conflict and under-reported repercussions which continue to reverberate in the region today. Ophir in the Old Testament (Genesis 10; 1 Kings 10:22) is a land of great mineral wealth exploited by King Solomon. In eastern Papua New Guinea, the people of Bougainville also claim Ophir to be the original name of their remote islands. Like the fabled land, Bougainville is endowed with treasure, predominantly copper and gold. In the late 20th century, exploitation of these was at the centre of a powerful story of colonialism, inequality, war and redemption.

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The development of tick taxonomy and systematics in Australia and Papua New Guinea through the works of five late 20th century contributors and with comments on the place of Australasia in the study of the phylogeny and evolution of the ticks

Systematic and Applied Acarology ◽

10.11158/saa.26.10.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dayana Barker ◽

Owen D. Seeman ◽

Stephen C. Barker

Keyword(s):

Papua New Guinea ◽

20Th Century ◽

New Guinea ◽

Future Research ◽

Final Phase ◽

Late 20Th Century ◽

The Usa ◽

Phylogeny And Evolution ◽

Biological Entities ◽

Whole Transcriptome

The largely unique fauna of ticks in Australia and Papua New Guinea (PNG) has been studied for 250 years. Here, we briefly review the early stages of tick taxonomy in the region, then focus on the activities of five people who contributed much to our knowledge of ticks in Australasia during the second half of the 20th century: F.H.S Roberts, David H. Kemp, Douglas E. Moorhouse, Nixon Wilson and Harry Hoogstraal. We provide biographical notes on each and collated publication lists for Roberts, Kemp and Moorhouse. We recognize three eras of tick taxonomy in Australia. First, an era that we refer to as “colonial tick taxonomy”, where ticks were sent from the European colonies to taxonomists in Europe. Second, a brief but significant era that we refer to as “endemic tick taxonomy” defined by the works of F.H.S. Roberts. Thirdly, a final phase of “colonial taxonomy” where ticks were described by workers in the USA. In PNG there has been no phase of endemic tick taxonomy and, while Australian workers are once again describing new tick species, in PNG the USA continues to make the most significant contributions. Through this work, we now see Australasia as one of the “theatres of evolution” of Bothriocroton and Archaeocroton, the Amblyomma-like ticks without eyes. We briefly discuss the current hypotheses for the theatre of evolution of the Ixodida, consider the 22 genus and subgenus-level entities of the Prostriata (Ixodinae) as provisional biological entities, and provide observations on tick phylogenetics and future research. Finally, we outline additional genetic evidence, from a recent whole-transcriptome study, for the two clades of the subfamily Ixodinae (Prostriata), the Australasian Ixodes and all other Ixodes.

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POSTCOLONIAL MINSCAPES AND CONTEMPORARY CARIBBEAN REGGAE

European Journal of Literature, Language and Linguistics Studies ◽

10.46827/ejlll.v4i4.251 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Chris Egharevba ◽

Kufre Egharevba

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Black Community ◽

West Indies ◽

Social Economic ◽

Social Awareness ◽

Late 20Th Century ◽

The People ◽

The Social ◽

The Masses ◽

Political Realities

That Caribbean music forms and their sonic influences are steeped in a vibrant culture of social awareness and ethereal consciousness is incontestable. Roots reggae’s protest appeal, rhythmic syncopations, and deeply religious impulses attest to a rich, aware and reactive tradition forged from post-slavery legacies to engage the rotary realities of mid–late 20th century West Indies. Contemporary Caribbean reggae follows in this tradition. With a very deep root in the religious beliefs of the people, Reggae music developed as the medium for the masses to cope with the social, economic and political realities of the day in Jamaica and many other Caribbean communities. Consequently, the Reggae music has proven to be relevant as long as there is suffering and injustices among the masses, this is not to say Reggae music does not reflect some other aspects of life. The emphasis in this paper is to trace the history and development of Reggae, especially its connection to the Rastafari lifestyle. The paper considers some key pillars of Reggae music, which includes but not limited to the believe by the Rastafarians that Haile Selassie is the black Jesus which Marcus Garvey had prophesied about and that he is bringing salvation to the black community in Jamaica. Article visualizations:<img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0791/a.php" alt="Hit counter" />

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Late 20th Century Methods for and Application of Kuum (oral syllables) Notation

Tongyang Ŭmak ◽

10.33452/amri.2010.32.67 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 67-96

Author(s):

Do Hee Kwon ◽

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Late 20Th Century

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“Band Wagon and Gravy Train”: uses and abuses along the Silk Road

Afghanistan ◽

10.3366/afg.2019.0035 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 171-194

Author(s):

Warwick Ball

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

21St Century ◽

Silk Road ◽

Late 20Th Century ◽

Ancient Trade ◽

International Image ◽

Academic Discussion ◽

The Silk Road

The Silk Road as an image is a relatively new one for Afghanistan. It appeals to both the pre-Islamic and the perceived Islamic past, thus offering an Islamic balance to previous identities linked to Bamiyan or to the Kushans. It also appeals to a broader and more international image, one that has been taken up by many other countries. This paper traces the rise of the image of the Silk Road and its use as a metaphor for ancient trade to encompass all contacts throughout Eurasia, prehistoric, ancient and modern, but also how the image has been adopted and expanded into many other areas: politics, tourism and academia. It is argued here that the origin and popularity of the term lies in late 20th century (and increasingly 21st century) politics rather than any reality of ancient trade. Its consequent validity as a metaphor in academic discussion is questioned

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Constitutional Incorporation of the (Collective) Freedom to Govern Mineral Wealth: Comparing the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Zambia

African Journal of International and Comparative Law ◽

10.3366/ajicl.2020.0299 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 1-29

Author(s):

Alexandra Carleton

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Democratic Republic ◽

Mineral Wealth ◽

The People ◽

Republic Of The Congo ◽

The Republic

Constitutionalism may be gaining ascendancy in many countries in Africa. Yet thorough investigation of the extent to which current constitutions accord to the people their internationally recognised right to governance of their mineral wealth under Article 1(2) of the ICCPR has been lacking. Understanding the existing framework of rights which may support claims to land and natural resources is important. Constitutions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Zambia demonstrate the reality of multiple, overlapping land interests and the limitations upon a people's claim to freely govern their mineral wealth.

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Main Forms of Propagandistic Activities of the Right-Wing Parties (1904–1914)

Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” ◽

10.24030/24092517-2020-0-1-656-676 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 102 ◽

pp. 656-676

Author(s):

Igor V. Omeliyanchuk

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Social Groups ◽

Right Wing ◽

Periodical Press ◽

Political Movement ◽

The People ◽

The Social ◽

The Right ◽

In The Beginning ◽

The 19Th Century

The article examines the main forms and methods of agitation and propagandistic activities of monarchic parties in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century. Among them the author singles out such ones as periodical press, publication of books, brochures and flyers, organization of manifestations, religious processions, public prayers and funeral services, sending deputations to the monarch, organization of public lectures and readings for the people, as well as various philanthropic events. Using various forms of propagandistic activities the monarchists aspired to embrace all social groups and classes of the population in order to organize all-class and all-estate political movement in support of the autocracy. While they gained certain success in promoting their ideology, the Rights, nevertheless, lost to their adversaries from the radical opposition camp, as the monarchists constrained by their conservative ideology, could not promise immediate social and political changes to the population, and that fact was excessively used by their opponents. Moreover, the ideological paradigm of the Right camp expressed in the “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality” formula no longer agreed with the social and economic realities of Russia due to modernization processes that were underway in the country from the middle of the 19th century.

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‘A Russian revolt, senseless and merciless...’: The 100th anniversary of 1917 revolution in Russia

Herald of an Archivist ◽

10.28995/2073-0101-2018-1-169-180 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 169-180

Author(s):

Nikolai A. Zhirov ◽

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Basic Research ◽

100Th Anniversary ◽

Scientific Conference ◽

Social Conflicts ◽

State University ◽

Russian Scientific ◽

The People ◽

Source Studies ◽

Preceding Period

On September, 21-23, the I.A. Bunin Yelets State University, supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFFI), held an All-Russian scientific conference ‘In the time of change: Revolt, insurrection, and revolution in the Russian periphery in the 17th – early 20th centuries’. Scientists from various Russian regions participated in its work. The conference organizers focused on social conflicts in the Russian periphery. The first series of reports addressed the Age of Rebellions in the Russian history. They considered the role and the place of the service class people in anti-government revolts. Some scientists stressed the effect of official state policy on the revolutionary mood of the people. Some reports paid attention to jurisdictions and activities of the general police in the 19th – early 20th century and those of the Provisional Government militia. Other reports analyzed the participation of persons of non-peasant origin in the revolutionary events. They studied the effect of the revolutionary events on the mood and behavior of local people and the ways of solving conflicts between the authorities and the society. Most numerous series of reports were devoted to social conflicts in the Russian village at the turn of the 20th century, studied forms and ways of peasants' struggle against the extortionate cost of the emancipation, and offered a periodization of peasants' uprisings. The researchers stressed that peasants remained politically unmotivated; analysis of their relations with authorities shows that they were predominantly conservative and not prone to incitement to against monarchy. Some questions of source studies and methodology of studying the revolution and the preceding period were raised. Most researches used interdisciplinary methods, popular in modern humanities and historical science.

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The Reformation of Prophecy

10.1093/oso/9780190866921.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. Sujin Pak

Keyword(s):

Old Testament ◽

Word Of God ◽

Priesthood Of All Believers ◽

Beliefs And Practices ◽

The People ◽

The Reformation ◽

History Of ◽

A Site ◽

Developmental Analysis ◽

Sacred History

The Reformation of Prophecy presents and supports the case for viewing the prophet and biblical prophecy as a powerful lens by which to illuminate many aspects of the reforming work of the Protestant reformers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It provides a chronological and developmental analysis of the significance of the prophet and biblical prophecy across leading Protestant reformers in articulating a theology of the priesthood of all believers, a biblical model of the pastoral office, a biblical vision of the reform of worship, and biblical processes for discerning right interpretation of Scripture. Through the tool of the prophet and biblical prophecy, the reformers framed their work under, within, and in support of the authority of Scripture—for the true prophet speaks the Word of God alone and calls the people, their worship and their beliefs and practices, back to the Word of God. The book also demonstrates how interpretations and understandings of the prophet and biblical prophecy contributed to the formation and consolidation of distinctive confessional identities, especially around differences in their visions of sacred history, Christological exegesis of Old Testament prophecy, and interpretation of Old Testament metaphors. This book illuminates the significant shifts in the history of Protestant reformers’ engagement with the prophet and biblical prophecy—shifts from these serving as a tool to advance the priesthood of all believers to a tool to clarify and buttress clerical identity and authority to a site of polemical-confessional exchange concerning right interpretations of Scripture.

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