Selection of electrodes for monitoring protection systems of ships’ steel hulls and machinery

The article considers the problems of ship structures exposed to adverse conditions, which contribute to the failure of important mechanisms and reduce the service life of steel parts of machines. One of the most important reasons for the ship structures wear is corrosion. The experience of choosing the electrodes to control the sacrificial protection systems on board ships is presented. There are presented the results of measuring the potential of the hull of the boat ROOM 52-22 at a given control point, using a multimeter MASTECH MY 62 and two control electrodes. The first control electrode is of in-house design; it was made of electric carbon product for electric machines. A standard portable silver chloride reference electrode was used as a second electrode. Both electrodes have been in operation for 3 years. The vessel under consideration was in a long-term parking mode. Control measurements were performed from 23.05 - 07.07.2019, while monitoring the potential of the hull three times a day using several parallel measurements. The time interval between parallel potential measurements made ≈ 5 seconds. The potential of the hull was measured by a specially trained operator. The accuracy of measurements was estimated using the coefficient of variation. Analysis of the studies justified that the accuracy of the control results of the protective anticorrosion systems on ships depends on the choice of the type of control electrode. It has been found that the efficiency of the silver chloride electrode has a strong impact on its operation life. The results of full-scale corrosion studies can be used by ship crews to justify the selection of control electrodes.

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On question of using zinc electrodes for monitoring cathodic protection of ships and vessels

VESTNIK OF ASTRAKHAN STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SERIES MARINE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGIES ◽

10.24143/2073-1574-2021-2-16-23 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (2) ◽

pp. 16-23

Author(s):

Dmitry Pavlovich Yastrebov ◽

Dmitry Vladimirovich Shunkin ◽

Alexey Olegovich Rogozhnikov ◽

Gleb Valerievich Kuznetsov

Keyword(s):

Silver Chloride ◽

Control Point ◽

Reference Electrode ◽

Time Interval ◽

Regulatory Requirements ◽

Reference Electrodes ◽

Regulatory Documents ◽

Protection Systems ◽

Parallel Control

The article focuses on the importance of organizing the ship operators training, who control the operation of systems protecting the sea vessels from corrosion. There are presented the results of a scientific research - control of the operation of the tread protection system of the steel hull of an auxiliary marine vessel (floating workshop PM-15), which is in a long-term standby mode. The potential difference between the ship's hull and two reference electrodes was measured at a given control point. The control measurements have been carried out using the reference electrodes: silver chloride reference electrode recommended for use by regulatory documents and zinc reference electrodes (not recommended by regulatory documents for sea vessels). There have been made 50 parallel control measurements. The time interval between parallel measurements was 5 seconds. Control measurements were performed within 5 days from 07.02.2020 to 07.14.2020. The accuracy of the control measurements was assessed in accordance with regulatory requirements. It has been stated that both reference electrodes provide high accuracy of control measurements; the results of control carried out with the help of zinc reference electrodes are highly stable. It has been inferred that zinc reference electrodes can be used on Russian ships to control the tread protection of the ship's hull and can be recommended for using by ship crews for training ship operators of ship corrosion protection systems.

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To problem of using aluminum electrodes to maintain corrosion protection of steel hulls of ships and vessels

VESTNIK OF ASTRAKHAN STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SERIES MARINE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGIES ◽

10.24143/2073-1574-2021-3-23-32 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (3) ◽

pp. 23-32

Author(s):

Dmitry Pavlovich Yastrebov ◽

Oleg Aleksandrovich Belov ◽

Vladimir Alekseevich Shvetsov ◽

Andrey Pavlovich Ushakevich ◽

Gleb Valerievich Kuznetsov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silver Chloride ◽

Control Point ◽

Reference Electrode ◽

Time Interval ◽

Aluminum Electrode ◽

Test Results ◽

Reference Electrodes ◽

Measurement Results ◽

Clamping Device ◽

Complex Methods

The article highlights the test results of a non-standard reference electrode made of a stripped of insulation strand of aluminum wiring, which were conducted on board an auxiliary marine vessel PM-15. The potential of the ship’s hull was measured at the same control point using three reference electrodes: silver chloride electrode No. 1; aluminum electrode No. 2; aluminum electrode No. 3. The vessel’s hull potential was measured over five days. All three reference electrodes were used daily. With the help of each electrode, fifty parallel measurements of the potential of the ship’s hull were carried out with a time interval between measurements of 5 seconds. To assess the accuracy of the measurement results, they were processed statistically. The factors that must be taken into account in the development of technologies for manufacturing non-standard reference electrodes are listed: using available inexpensive materials; avoiding expensive equipment in manufacturing the reference electrode; eliminating complex methods of storage of reference electrodes on ships. There has been given a diagram of measuring electrical circuits including the steel hull, a bulwark, a multimeter, a clamping device, switches, a silver chloride reference electrode, aluminum wires, etc. The results of the study can be used on sea-going vessels to organize the control of the protective effect of the hulls of ships and vessels in the absence of standard reference electrodes.

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Problem of using electrodes made of shipbuilding steel to protect ship hull from corrosion

VESTNIK OF ASTRAKHAN STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SERIES MARINE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGIES ◽

10.24143/2073-1574-2020-2-15-21 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (2) ◽

pp. 15-21

Author(s):

Dmitry Pavlovich Yastrebov ◽

Oleg Aleksandrovich Belov ◽

Vladimir Alekseevich Shvetsov ◽

Bogdan Vladimirovich Tarabanov ◽

Sergey Anatolevich Zaitsev

Keyword(s):

Steel Plate ◽

Control Point ◽

Electrical Measuring ◽

Ship Hull ◽

Time Interval ◽

Electrochemical Protection ◽

Measuring Device ◽

Corrosion Tests ◽

Protection Systems ◽

Parallel Measurements

The article discusses the problem of corrosion that causes significant damage to the ship structures and mechanisms, reducing their service life. The experience of using different electrodes to control the electrochemical protection systems of steel hulls of auxiliary vessels is presented. The results of corrosion tests of PM-15 ship hull are presented, which included measurements of the hull potential at a given control point, using an electrical measuring device and two control electrodes. As the first electrode used an electric carbon product for electric machines. A ship hull steel plate was used as the second electrode. The investigated vessel stayed at the pier for a long time. Corrosion tests were carried out in the period within 10.10.2019-16.10.2019. The ship hull potential at the control point was controlled using 50 parallel measurements. Parallel measurements were performed with a specified time interval of 5 sec. between them. A qualified operator has been trained to perform corrosion studies. The accuracy of the measurements was determined on the basis of current regulatory documents. The test results show that the reliability of the control of electrochemical protection systems of the hull primarily depends on the type of electrode used. It has been demonstrated that the metrological characteristics of the results of control measurements depend on the period of using a steel plate. The results of scientific research help to select the right elements of the system of monitoring the effectiveness of electrochemical protection of the ships and ship crews.

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On problem of using copper electrodes to maintain protection against corrosion of steel hulls of ships and vessels

VESTNIK OF ASTRAKHAN STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SERIES MARINE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGIES ◽

10.24143/2073-1574-2021-4-43-51 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (4) ◽

pp. 43-51

Author(s):

Dmitry Pavlovich Yastrebov

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Protection ◽

Silver Chloride ◽

Reference Electrode ◽

Offshore Structures ◽

Time Interval ◽

Technical Equipment ◽

Reference Electrodes ◽

Technical Problems ◽

Copper Electrodes ◽

Silver Chloride Reference Electrode

The paper focuses on the reasons for the lack of proper control of the operation of the electrochemical protective systems of sea vessels, such as the absence of convenient technical equipment, primarily the reference electrodes, as well as the imperfection of the silver chloride reference electrode. There is considered the approach to the development of easy-to-use reference electrodes. A standard silver chloride reference electrode was used as the first electrode; experimental electrodes made of a copper wire strand stripped of insulation were used as the second and third electrodes. The experimental vessel is docked in the commercial port of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The corrosion protection of the ship’s hull was evaluated by measuring the potentials between the metal hull and the reference electrode at a given point. The measurements were performed at a time interval from 06/10/2021 to 06/18/2021, evaluating the control of the hull corrosion protection was made by taking 50 successive measurements, which were entered into the control tables. It has been stated that the results of ship’s hull sacrificial protection control by using experimental copper electrodes from cabling comply with the regulatory requirements. The ship’s crew didn’t have any financial, organizational or technical problems, which could usually arise from the operation of standard silver chloride reference electrodes. It has been inferred that using regulated and non-regulated electrodes in the organization of corrosion control on ships and metal offshore structures is possible.

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Facile and Fast Detection of Genistein in Derris scandens by Square Wave Voltammetry using a Cobalt(II) Phthalocyanine-Modified Screen-Printed Electrochemical Sensor

Current Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1573411014666180521091053 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 341-348

Author(s):

Surinya Traipop ◽

Suchada Chuanuwatanakul ◽

Orawon Chailapakul ◽

Eakkasit Punrat

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Sensor ◽

Square Wave Voltammetry ◽

Silver Chloride ◽

Reference Electrode ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Plastic Substrate ◽

Fast Analysis ◽

Square Wave ◽

Wave Voltammetry ◽

Screen Printed

Background: Recently, Derris scandens, a Thai herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory activity, is widely used as beverage and supplementary food. When the traditional medicine is a choice for health therapy, the simple and reliable equipment is required to control the suitable consuming amount of the active component. Objective: To develop the electrochemical sensor for genistein determination in Derris scandens with high sensitivity and rapid operation. Methods: An in-house screen-printed electrochemical sensor consisting of a three-electrode system was developed for genistein determination. A silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode, a carbon counter electrode and a carbon working electrode were prepared on a 0.3-mm-thick plastic substrate by the screen-printing technique using conductive ink. The dimensions of each sensor were 2.5×1.0 cm. Only 50 µL of sample solution was required on this device for the determination of genistein concentration by rapid response square wave voltammetry. Results: The oxidation peak of genistein appeared with good response in acidic media at a peak potential of 0.6 V. Moreover, the signal was enhanced by modifying the conductive carbon ink with cobalt( II) phthalocyanine. Under the optimized conditions, the linear range was found to be 2.5-150 µM and the detection limit was 1.5 µM. Moreover, the small volume extraction was successfully developed without any further pre-concentration. This proposed method was applied to determine genistein in Derris scandens with satisfying results. Conclusion: The proposed method is promising as an alternative method for genistein determination with facile and fast analysis.

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ELECTRODE POTENTIALS OF THORIUM TETRACHLORIDE IN ALKALI CHLORIDE MELTS

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v64-203 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 1315-1322 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

R. Srinivasan ◽

S. N. Flengas

Keyword(s):

Silver Chloride ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Reference Electrode ◽

The Other ◽

Alkali Chloride ◽

Electrode Potentials ◽

Silver Chloride Reference Electrode ◽

Chloride Melts ◽

Silver Silver ◽

Silver Silver Chloride

The electrode potentials of the system Th, ThCl4 (KCl, NaCl) were measured at various concentrations of thorium chloride, and at temperatures between 670 °C and 850 °C, using a silver – silver chloride reference electrode. It was shown by a direct gravimetric method that the reaction,Th(metal) + ThCl4(melt) = 2ThCl2(in melt),postulated by previous investigators, did not take place.The activity coefficients, and the other partial molal properties of the solutions of ThCl4, in the equimolar mixture of potassium and sodium chlorides, were calculated as a function of temperature from the e.m.f. measurements.

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Thermodynamics of electrolyte solutions: activity coefficients of NaCl in the NaCl–NiCl2–H2O system at 25, 35, and 45 °C

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v90-040 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 294-297 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ch. Venkateswarlu ◽

J. Ananthaswamy

Keyword(s):

Activity Coefficients ◽

Silver Chloride ◽

Osmotic Coefficients ◽

Reference Electrode ◽

Nickel Chloride ◽

Electrolyte Solutions ◽

Pitzer Formalism ◽

Harned Coefficients ◽

Silver Silver ◽

Silver Silver Chloride

The activity coefficients of NaCl in the NaCl–NiCl2–H2O system were estimated at 25, 35, and 45 °C and total ionic strengths of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 m by an EMF method using a Na-ion selective electrode and a silver–silver chloride reference electrode. The Harned coefficients were calculated at all the temperatures studied. At 25 °C the data were analysed using the Pitzer formalism. The osmotic coefficients and the excess free energies of mixing were also calculated at 25 °C. Keywords: activity coefficients, sodium chloride, nickel chloride, Pitzer equations, thermodynamics.

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