SPECIFIC FEATURES OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT  OF POND SNAIL (LYMNAEA STAGNALIS L.)  UNDER ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE  OF CHLORIDE COMPOUNDS IN WATER

The article highlights the research of embryonic development of hydrobionts under the influence of anthropogenic factors of water solutions – chlorobenzene and tetrachloroethylene. To detect the toxicity of chloride pollutants in a freshwater reservoir, representatives of benthic mollusks (big pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis L.) were used as a model organism. According to the results of research, it was found that at a concentration of 0.01 mg/l of chlorobenzene solution individual anomalies of embryonic development of the pond fish are observed, but at higher concentrations its development is delayed by 5-6 stages in comparison with the control. As an integral parameter of pond fish development, we can take indicators of the biological toxicity criterion: Hatchling and its survival over a 10-day period after leaving the egg shells. Changes in the physiological parameters of pond fish embryos begin with a chlorobenzene concentration of 0.01 mg/l; the maximum permissible concentration for tetrachloroethylene for the considered biological indicators should be considered 0.05 mg/l. It is noted that in big pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis L.) the hatch of juveniles from egg shells is the most sensitive indicator when determining the toxicity of an aqueous solution; and less sensitive indicators are the number of eggs laid and the survival of juveniles in the first 10 days after hatching. The test object used is a large pond, which has shown a high sensitivity to contamination of the water environment with chlorinated ecotoxicants and can be recommended for a comprehensive quality assessment when biotesting freshwater waters

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Expression and translation of the egg-laying neuropeptide hormone genes during post-embryonic development of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis

Cell and Tissue Research ◽

10.1007/bf00319436 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 275 (2) ◽

pp. 369-375 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. P. J. De Lange ◽

J. van Minnen ◽

H. H. Boer

Keyword(s):

Embryonic Development ◽

Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Pond Snail ◽

Neuropeptide Hormone

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A proteomics database for CNS proteins of the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis

10.1101/2021.05.03.442491 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sarah Wooller ◽

Aikaterini Anagnostopoulou ◽

Benno Kuropka ◽

Michael Crossley ◽

Paul R. Benjamin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽

Model Organism ◽

Research Area ◽

Biological Data ◽

Model Organisms ◽

Pond Snail ◽

Data Sets ◽

Area Of Interest ◽

Age Related

Applications of key technologies in bioscientific and biomedical research, such as qRT-PCR or LC-MS based proteomics, are generating large biological data sets (omics data) which are useful for the identification and quantification of biomarkers involved in molecular mechanisms of any research area of interest. Genome, transcriptome and proteome databases are already available for a number of model organisms including vertebrates and invertebrates. However, there is insufficient information available for protein sequences of certain invertebrates, such as the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, a model organism that has been used highly successfully in elucidating evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of learning and memory, ageing and age-related as well as amyloid beta induced memory decline. Here, we present the design and benchmarking of a new proteomics database (LymSt-PDB) for the identification of proteins from the Central Nervous System (CNS) of Lymnaea stagnalis by LC-MS based proteomics.

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A new set of endogenous control genes for use in quantitative real-time PCR experiments show that formin Ldia2dex transcripts are enriched in the early embryo of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (Panpulmonata)

Journal of Molluscan Studies ◽

10.1093/mollus/eyz027 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Harriet F Johnson ◽

Angus Davison

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽

Model Organism ◽

Early Embryo ◽

Pond Snail ◽

Endogenous Control ◽

Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽

Nonsense Mediated Decay ◽

Left Right Asymmetry

ABSTRACT Although the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is an emerging model organism for molecular studies in a wide variety of fields, there are a limited number of verified endogenous control genes for use in quantitative real-time PCR. As part of a larger study on snail chirality, or left–right asymmetry, we assayed gene expression in pond snail embryos. We evaluated six candidate control genes, by comparing their expression in three tissues (ovotestis, foot and embryo) and used three software programmes (geNorm, Normfinder and Bestkeeper) to do so. The specific utility of these control genes was then tested by investigating the relative expression of six experimental transcripts, including formin Ldia2, a gene that has been associated with chiral variation in L. stagnalis. All six control genes were found to be suitable for use in the three tissues tested. Of the six experimental genes, it was found that all were relatively depleted in the early embryo compared with other tissues, except the formin Ldia2 gene. Instead, transcripts of the wild-type Ldia2dex were enriched in the embryo, whereas a nonfunctional frameshifted version, Ldia2sin, was severely depleted. These differences in Ldia2sin expression were less evident in the ovotestis and were not evident in the foot tissue, possibly because nonsense-mediated decay is obscured in actively transcribing tissues. Our work provides a set of control genes that may be useful to the wider community and illustrates how these genes may be used to assay differences in expression in a variety of tissues.

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Оцінка токсикорезистентності ставковика озерного (Mollusca: Gastropoda) до впливу йонів мангану (II) у водному середовищі

Ukrainian Journal of Ecology ◽

10.15421/2018_272 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 719-729

Author(s):

T.V. Pinkina ◽

A.A. Pinkin

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽

Water Environment ◽

Ecological Monitoring ◽

Reproductive Period ◽

Pond Snail ◽

Manganese Ions ◽

Behavioral Reactions ◽

Toxicant Concentration ◽

Suitable Object

Under the conditions of growing environmental pollution heavy metal ions took one of the first places among other pollutants. Nowadays annual anthropic entry of a great number of heavy metals into hydrosphere several times exceeded the entry from natural sources. The topicality of the research influence of the above pollutants on hydrobionts with the aim of introducing the research results to the ecological monitoring system is beyond doubt. Lymnaea stagnalis (Linné, 1758) a secondary-water lung pondmollusc, can be a suitable object for toxicological investigations. The fundamental ecotoxicological indices of L. stagnalis effected by various concentrations of Mn2+ water environment and the ranges of acute – and chronically lethal, trausferred and subthreshold toxicant concentrations as well as the decrease of toxicity of ions covered have been determined. The fundamental ecotoxicological indices of L. stagnalis effected by various concentrations of Mn2+ water environment and the ranges of acute – and chronically lethaled, trausferred and subthreshold toxicant concentrations as well as the decrease of toxicity of manganese ions (ІІ) covered have been determined. The effect of Mn2+ on dimensional and weight characteristics and the survival of adult and young mollusks has been studied. Reversibility of poisoning L. stagnalis by different Mn2+ has been studied. Restoration of the broken functions is of a reversible nature. The linear indices varying considerably with toxicity have been distinguished. At first the aquatic balance in the bodies of mollusks is becoming positive along with the increase in the heavy metal concentrations in the environment, while under the toxicant concentration increase the balance gradually tends to be positive. The paper covers the effects of manganese ions on the pond snail behavioral reactions. The paper investigates the effects of Mn2+ (acute lethal concentration – 100‒195 mg/dm3; chronically lethal – 35‒95 mg/dm3; trausferred – 0,3‒20 mg/dm3; subthreshold concentration – 1 mg/dm3) on the peculiarities of L. stagnalis reproduction and development. There have been determinate sensitive ethological responses of L. stagnalis at their reproductive period in the polluted environment. The studies have been made into structural stability of mollusk syncapsule, the peculiarities of their texture and formation physiology as well as an incidence of evolution disturbances at different intoxication levels by manganese ions (ІІ). The research makes it possible to ecologically estimate the nature of the substance influence and the response of the affected organism.

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The Great Pond Snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) as a Model of Aging and Age-Related Memory Impairment: An Overview

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/glab014 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

István Fodor ◽

Réka Svigruha ◽

György Kemenes ◽

Ildikó Kemenes ◽

Zsolt Pirger

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Life Span ◽

Memory Impairment ◽

Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽

Brain Aging ◽

Model Organism ◽

Pond Snail ◽

Memory Decline ◽

Age Related ◽

Behavioral Mechanisms

Abstract With the increase of life span, normal aging and age-related memory decline are affecting an increasing number of people; however, many aspects of these processes are still not fully understood. Although vertebrate models have provided considerable insights into the molecular and electrophysiological changes associated with brain aging, invertebrates, including the widely recognized molluscan model organism, the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), have proven to be extremely useful for studying mechanisms of aging at the level of identified individual neurons and well-defined circuits. Its numerically simpler nervous system, well-characterized life cycle, and relatively long life span make it an ideal organism to study age-related changes in the nervous system. Here, we provide an overview of age-related studies on L. stagnalis and showcase this species as a contemporary choice for modeling the molecular, cellular, circuit, and behavioral mechanisms of aging and age-related memory impairment.

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Development of catecholaminergic neurons in the pond snail,Lymnaea stagnalis: I. Embryonic development of dopamine-containing neurons and dopamine-dependent behaviors

The Journal of Comparative Neurology ◽

10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990215)404:3<285::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-s ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 404 (3) ◽

pp. 285-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Elena E. Voronezhskaya ◽

L�szl� Hiripi ◽

K�roly Elekes ◽

Roger P. Croll

Keyword(s):

Embryonic Development ◽

Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽

Pond Snail ◽

Catecholaminergic Neurons

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Neuropeptide Localization in Lymnaea stagnalis: From the Central Nervous System to Subcellular Compartments

Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnmol.2021.670303 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

Author(s):

Ellen A. Wood ◽

Sylwia A. Stopka ◽

Linwen Zhang ◽

Sara Mattson ◽

Gabor Maasz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽

Single Cell Analysis ◽

Model Organism ◽

Pond Snail ◽

Ms Imaging ◽

Subcellular Compartments ◽

Neuronal Connections ◽

The Central Nervous System

Due to the relatively small number of neurons (few tens of thousands), the well-established multipurpose model organism Lymnaea stagnalis, great pond snail, has been extensively used to study the functioning of the nervous system. Unlike the more complex brains of higher organisms, L. stagnalis has a relatively simple central nervous system (CNS) with well-defined circuits (e.g., feeding, locomotion, learning, and memory) and identified individual neurons (e.g., cerebral giant cell, CGC), which generate behavioral patterns. Accumulating information from electrophysiological experiments maps the network of neuronal connections and the neuronal circuits responsible for basic life functions. Chemical signaling between synaptic-coupled neurons is underpinned by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. This review looks at the rapidly expanding contributions of mass spectrometry (MS) to neuropeptide discovery and identification at different granularity of CNS organization. Abundances and distributions of neuropeptides in the whole CNS, eleven interconnected ganglia, neuronal clusters, single neurons, and subcellular compartments are captured by MS imaging and single cell analysis techniques. Combining neuropeptide expression and electrophysiological data, and aided by genomic and transcriptomic information, the molecular basis of CNS-controlled biological functions is increasingly revealed.

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A set of endogenous control genes for use in quantitative real-time PCR experiments reveal that the wild-type formin Ldia2 is enriched in the early pond snail embryo

10.1101/660381 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Harriet F. Johnson ◽

Angus Davison

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽

Model Organism ◽

Early Embryo ◽

Pond Snail ◽

Endogenous Control ◽

Wild Type ◽

Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽

Nonsense Mediated Decay

ABSTRACTAlthough the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is an emerging model organism for molecular studies in a wide variety of fields including development, biomineralisation and neurophysiology, there are a limited number of verified endogenous control genes for use in quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). As part of larger study on snail chirality or left-right asymmetry, we wished to assay relative gene expression in pond snail embryos, so we evaluated six new candidate control genes, by comparing their expression in three tissues (ovotestis, foot, and embryo) and across three programs (geNorm, Normfinder and Bestkeeper). The specific utility of these control genes was then tested by investigating the relative expression of six experimental transcripts, including the formin Ldia2, a gene that has been associated with chirality in L. stagnalis. All six control genes were found to be suitable for use. Of the six experimental genes that were tested, it was found that all were relatively depleted in the early embryo compared with other tissues, except the formin gene Ldia2. Instead, transcripts of the wild type Ldia2dex were enriched in the embryo, whereas a non-functional frameshifted version Ldia2sin was severely depleted. These differences in Ldia2sin expression were less evident in the ovotestis and not evident in the foot tissue, suggesting that nonsense-mediated decay may be obscured in actively transcribing tissues. This work therefore provides a set of control genes that may be useful to the wider community, and shows how they may be used to assay differences in expression in the early embryo.

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Progestogen-induced alterations and their ecological relevance in different embryonic and adult behaviours of an invertebrate model species, the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis)

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-020-12094-z ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Reka Svigruha ◽

Istvan Fodor ◽

Judit Padisak ◽

Zsolt Pirger

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Embryonic Development ◽

Development Time ◽

Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽

Feeding Activity ◽

Future Research ◽

Signal Pathways ◽

Pond Snail ◽

Model Species ◽

Invertebrate Model

AbstractThe presence of oral contraceptives (basically applying estrogens and/or progestogens) poses a challenge to animals living in aquatic ecosystems and reflects a rapidly growing concern worldwide. However, there is still a lack in knowledge about the behavioural effects induced by progestogens on the non-target species including molluscs. In the present study, environmental progestogen concentrations were summarised. Knowing this data, we exposed a well-established invertebrate model species, the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) to relevant equi-concentrations (1, 10, 100, and 500 ng L−1) of mixtures of four progestogens (progesterone, drospirenone, gestodene, levonorgestrel) for 21 days. Significant alterations were observed in the embryonic development time, heart rate, feeding, and gliding activities of the embryos as well as in the feeding and locomotion activity of the adult specimens. All of the mixtures accelerated the embryonic development time and the gliding activity. Furthermore, the 10, 100, and 500 ng L−1 mixtures increased the heart rate and feeding activity of the embryos. The 10, 100, and 500 ng L−1 mixtures affected the feeding activity as well as the 1, 10, and 100 ng L−1 mixtures influenced the locomotion of the adult specimens. The differences of these adult behaviours showed a biphasic response to the progestogen exposure; however, they changed approximately in the opposite way. In case of feeding activity, this dose-response phenomenon can be identified as a hormesis response. Based on the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the non-reproductive effects of progestogens occurring also in the environment on molluscan species. Our findings contribute to the global understanding of the effects of human progestogens, as these potential disruptors can influence the behavioural activities of non-target aquatic species. Future research should aim to understand the potential mechanisms (e.g., receptors, signal pathways) of progestogens induced behavioural alterations.

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