A software-computational neural network tool for predicting the electromagnetic state of the polar magnetosphere, taking into account the process that simulates its slow loading by the kinetic energy of the solar wind

The auroral activity indices AU, AL, AE, introduced into geophysics at the beginning of the space era, although they have certain drawbacks, are still widely used to monitor geomagnetic activity at high latitudes. The AU index reflects the intensity of the eastern electric jet, while the AL index is determined by the intensity of the western electric jet. There are many regression relationships linking the indices of magnetic activity with a wide range of phenomena observed in the Earth's magnetosphere and atmosphere. These relationships determine the importance of monitoring and predicting geomagnetic activity for research in various areas of solar-terrestrial physics. The most dramatic phenomena in the magnetosphere and high-latitude ionosphere occur during periods of magnetospheric substorms, a sensitive indicator of which is the time variation and value of the AL index. Currently, AL index forecasting is carried out by various methods using both dynamic systems and artificial intelligence. Forecasting is based on the close relationship between the state of the magnetosphere and the parameters of the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). This application proposes an algorithm for describing the process of substorm formation using an instrument in the form of an Elman-type ANN by reconstructing the AL index using the dynamics of the new integral parameter we introduced. The use of an integral parameter at the input of the ANN makes it possible to simulate the structure and intellectual properties of the biological nervous system, since in this way an additional realization of the memory of the prehistory of the modeled process is provided.

Temporal variance of the ice navigation conditions within the Northern Sea Route

Recognition of satellite images, composition of them and vectorization is used in AARI for ice charts production. There is discussed methodology and results of the ice charts processing by means of computer programs, which were elaborated by Dr. Tretyakov in Python. The paper demonstrates results of analysis of temporal variance of ice navigation circumstances within the buffer zone of the marine transport system from the Sabetta Port (the Yamal Peninsula, Russia) up to the Bering Strait. There are considered the variance for April and May from 1998 up to 2020. This intra-annual interval is the one with the heaviest ice circumstances for shipping. We used conditional length of various age and age and form gradations of the sea ice for the route as a whole, as an integral parameter for estimation of the navigation hardships of ice navigation. The conditional length of an ice age (thickness) diapason is result of multiplication of the diapason partial concentration at the length of the route leg with homogeneous ice characteristics. There were produced series of the conditional lengths for each ten-day periods during April and May. Then statistical homogeneity of the series was tested by various methods.

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF POND SNAIL (LYMNAEA STAGNALIS L.) UNDER ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE OF CHLORIDE COMPOUNDS IN WATER

The article highlights the research of embryonic development of hydrobionts under the influence of anthropogenic factors of water solutions – chlorobenzene and tetrachloroethylene. To detect the toxicity of chloride pollutants in a freshwater reservoir, representatives of benthic mollusks (big pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis L.) were used as a model organism. According to the results of research, it was found that at a concentration of 0.01 mg/l of chlorobenzene solution individual anomalies of embryonic development of the pond fish are observed, but at higher concentrations its development is delayed by 5-6 stages in comparison with the control. As an integral parameter of pond fish development, we can take indicators of the biological toxicity criterion: Hatchling and its survival over a 10-day period after leaving the egg shells. Changes in the physiological parameters of pond fish embryos begin with a chlorobenzene concentration of 0.01 mg/l; the maximum permissible concentration for tetrachloroethylene for the considered biological indicators should be considered 0.05 mg/l. It is noted that in big pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis L.) the hatch of juveniles from egg shells is the most sensitive indicator when determining the toxicity of an aqueous solution; and less sensitive indicators are the number of eggs laid and the survival of juveniles in the first 10 days after hatching. The test object used is a large pond, which has shown a high sensitivity to contamination of the water environment with chlorinated ecotoxicants and can be recommended for a comprehensive quality assessment when biotesting freshwater waters

Clausen’s Series 3F2(1) with Integral Parameter Differences

Ebisu and Iwassaki proved that there are three-term relations for 3F2(1) with a group symmetry of order 72. In this paper, we apply some specific three-term relations for 3F2(1) to partially answer the open problem raised by Miller and Paris in 2012. Given a known value 3F2((a,b,x),(c,x+1),1), if f−x is an integer, then we construct an algorithm to obtain 3F2((a,b,f),(c,f+n),1) in an explicit closed form, where n is a positive integer and a,b,c and f are arbitrary complex numbers. We also extend our results to evaluate some specific forms of p+1Fp(1), for any positive integer p≥2.

An integral feature of porous silicon and its classification

Porous silicon is currently one of the most studied materials which is used both in the areas traditional for silicon, such as electronics and optoelectronics, and in completely unconventional ones, such as catalysis, energetics, biology, and medicine. The multiple possibilities of the material are revealed due to the fact that its structure can be radically different depending on the properties of the initial silicon and the methods of obtaining porous phases. The use of any material inevitably leads to the need to classify its various forms. The purpose of the article was to find the most significant parameter that can be used as the basis for the classification of porous silicon.Historically, the terminology defined by the IUPAC pore size classification has been used to classify porous silicon. Due to the authority of IUPAC, many researchers have considered this terminology to be the most successful and important, and the radial pore size has often been regarded as a main parameter containing the most important properties of porous silicon. Meanwhile, the unique properties and practical application of porous silicon are based on its developed inner surface. The method of nitrogen porosimetry, which is simple in its practical implementation, is often used in scientific literature to determine this value.The most suitable integral parameter for the classification of porous silicon, regardless of its structure and morphology, is the total specific internal surface (cm-1) that can be relatively easily established experimentally and is of fundamental importance for almost all applications of porous silicon. The use of this value does not exclude the use of other parameters for a more detailed classification

Characteristics of local inflammation in patients with uterine fibroids and endometrial cancer.

e17561 Background: Contribution of local inflammation to the course of endometrial cancer (EC) is of interest since it may aggravate the disease. Methods: The study included 25 women aged 62+1.6 years with histologically verified EC (group 1a), 29 women aged 48+8.4 years with uterine fibroids (UF) (group 1b) and 13 non-cancer women aged 42+2.3 years (group 2, controls). Vaginal swabs were taken prior to antitumor treatment. Relative expression of genes encoding the synthesis of IL1B, IL10, IL18, TNFA, TLR4, GATA3, and CD68 in comparison with the reference gene B2M was determined by Real-time PCR using the ImmunoQuantex kit (Russia). An integral parameter of an inflammation index was calculated using binary logistics, and the ratios of the listed indicators were also calculated. 12 parameters were analyzed in total. Groups Ia and Ib were compared with healthy people (p1) and with each other (p2). Results: 4 of 12 studied parameters in EC patients differed from control; no differences were found in UF patients. 7 statistically significant differences were registered between EC and UF. Relative expression of the gene encoding the synthesis of IL10 was maximal in EC (2.8+0.2 vs. 1.8+0.3 in healthy women (p1= 0.006) and 1.8+0.2 in UF (p2= 0.002)). The IL10/IL18 ratio in EC statistically significantly exceeded the ratios in UF patients and in healthy women (61.4+21.7 (p1= 0.003), 46.3+32.2 (p2< 0.001) and 53.7+47.1 respectively). The TNFA/IL18 ratio in EC patients was also higher than in UF patients (1.1+0.7 vs. 0.5+0.2 (p2= 0.035)) due to higher TNFA levels (3.7+0.1 vs. 3.3+0.1 (p2= 0.006)), one of which effects includes stimulation of neoangiogenesis. The ratio of TLR4/GATA3, on the contrary, was lower in EC than in UF (0.7+0.3 and 1.5+0.9 respectively (p2= 0.001). Apparently, it characterized antimicrobial immunity because both of these genes are involved in the response to PAMP (TLR4) and in the genesis of intraepithelial lymphocytes related to innate immunity, as well as in the development of a humoral response via stimulation of Th2 (GATA3). The latter, in addition, is involved in the ontogenesis some organs, including the vagina and uterus. The highest TLR4/GATA3 ratio was found in UF, which, in our opinion, indicated the predominance of the inflammatory process in UF and local immunosuppression in EC. The inflammation index determined with the ImmunoQuantex test system did not differ between the studied groups of women. Conclusions: Some differences were observed in local reactions of immunity and inflammation in benign and malignant uterine tumors, involving the prevalence of immunosuppressive and angiogenic factors in EC and inflammatory factors in UF.

Integral Criterion of the Non-uniformity of Stress Distribution for the Topology Optimization of 2D-Models

The emergence of new technologies for the production of structural elements gives impetus to the development of new technologies for their design, in particular with the involvement of a topology optimization method. The most common algorithm for designing topologically optimal structures is focused on reducing their elastic flexibility at a given volume of material. However, a closer to the engineering design approach is the minimization of the volume of a structural element while limiting the resulting mechanical stresses. In contrast to the classical algorithms of this approach, which limit the values of stresses at certain points, this paper develops an alternative criterion: the formation of the image of a structural element is based on minimizing the integral parameter of stress distribution non-uniformity. The developed algorithm is based on the method of proportional topology optimization, and when mechanical stresses are calculated, the classical relations of the finite element method are used. The above parameter can be interpreted as the ratio of the deviation of the values, ordered in ascending order, of equivalent von Mises stresses in the finite elements of a calculation model from their linear approximation to the corresponding mean value. The search for the optimal result is carried out for the full range of possible values of the averaged "density" of the calculation area, which is associated with a decrease in the amount of input data. The proposed integrated strength criterion provides better uniformity of the optimized topology, allows us to smooth the effect of the local peak values of mechanical stresses, determining a single optimization result that is resistant to calculation errors. The algorithm is implemented in the MatLab software environment for two-dimensional models. The efficiency of the approach is tested on the optimization of a classical beam (mbb-beam), a cantilever beam, and an L-shaped beam. A comparative analysis of the obtained results with those available in the literature is given. It is shown that in the absence of constraint on the average value of the density of a finite element model, the proposed criterion gives a ″less dense″ optimization result compared to the classical one (approximately 40%), while the values of "contrast index" are quite close.

Scaling procedure for straightforward computation of sorptivity

Sorptivity is a parameter of primary importance in the study of unsaturated flow in soils. This integral parameter is often considered for modeling the computation of water infiltration into vertical soil profiles (1D or 3D axisymmetric geometry). Sorptivity can be directly estimated from the knowledge of the soil hydraulic functions (water retention of hydraulic conductivity), using the integral formulation of Parlange (Parlange, 1975). However, it requires the prior determination of the soil hydraulic diffusivity and its numerical integration between the initial and the final saturation degrees, which may be tricky for some instances (e.g., coarse soil with diffusivity functions quasi-infinite close to saturation). In this paper, we present a specific scaling procedure for the computation of sorptivity considering slightly positive water pressure heads at the soil surface and initial dry conditions (corresponding to most water infiltration on the field). The square sorptivity is related to the square dimensionless sorptivity (referred to as cp parameter) corresponding to a unit soil (i.e., unit values of all the scaled parameters and zero residual water content) utterly dry at the initial state and saturated at the final state. The cp parameter was computed numerically and analytically for five current models: delta functions (Green and Ampt model), Brooks and Corey, van Genuchten-Mualem, van Genuchten-Burdine, and Kosugi models as a function of the shape parameters. The values are tabulated and can be easily used to determine any dimensional sorptivity value for any case. We propose brand-new analytical expressions for some of the models and validate previous formulations for the other models. Our numerical results also showed that the relation between the cp parameters and shape parameters strongly depends on the chosen model, with either increasing or decreasing trends when moving from coarse to fine soils. These results highlight the need for carefully selecting the proper model for the description of the water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions for the rigorous estimation of sorptivity. Present results show the need to understand better the hydraulic model's mathematical properties, including the links between their parameters, and, secondly, to better relate these properties to the physical processes of water infiltration into soils.

Анализ параметров ультразвуковых сигналов при высокоскоростном контроле рельсов

The results of studies of changes in the parameters of ultrasonic (US) signals with an increase in the speed of rail testing are presented. Signals from rail bolt holes were selected as test reflectors. It is shown that the holes closest to the rail joint are not fully sounded, and the signals from them cannot be used as test reflectors. For a full assessment of the decrease in the quality of non-destructive testing of rails with an increase in the scanning speed, it is proposed to use the integral parameter of the analyzed reflector. A noticeable decrease in this parameter at high speeds requires a trade-off when choosing between productivity and quality rail testing. The proposed technique can be used to assess the efficiency of operating and newly created flaw detection systems. The necessity of improving the methods of sounding the first bolt holes of joints and correcting regulatory documents for high-speed testing of rails is substantiated.