Pathfinder Algorithm Modification for CPLD and FPGA Routing Stage

One of the main advantages of FPGA and CPLD is the high development speed; therefore, the importance of effective computer-aided design tools for modern microcircuits of these classes cannot be overestimated. Placement and routing are the most time-consuming stages of FPGA/CPLD design flow. The quality of results of these stages is crucial to the final perfor-mance of custom digital circuits implemented on FPGA/CPLD. The paper discusses an approach to accelerating the routing stage within the layout synthesis flow for FPGA/CPLD by introducing a few algorithmic improvements to a routing procedure. The basic routing algorithm under study is a modified Pathfinder for a mixed routing resource graph. Pathfinder is a well-known negotiation-based routing algorithm that works on the principle of iteratively eliminating congestions of chip routing resources. For experiments, the sets of test digital circuits ISCAS'85, ISCAS'89, LGSynth'89 and several custom industrial projects were used. The impact of the proposed algorithmic improvements was analyzed using four FPGA/CPLD architectures. It has been established that due to the improvements of the algorithm proposed in the paper, the average reduction in routing time was from 1.3 to 2.6 times, depending on the FPGA/CPLD architecture, with no significant negative effect on the timing characteristics of the designed circuits.

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Boolean Satisfiability Methods for Modern Computer-Aided Design Problems in Microelectronics

Proceedings of Universities ELECTRONICS ◽

10.24151/1561-5405-2020-25-6-525-538 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 525-538

Author(s):

M.A. Zapletina ◽

◽

D.V. Zhukov ◽

S.V. Gavrilov ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

Digital Circuits ◽

Routing Algorithm ◽

Routing Algorithms ◽

Boolean Satisfiability ◽

Optimization Techniques ◽

Design Flow ◽

Equivalence Checking ◽

Routing Problem ◽

Operation Speed

Currently, the methods based on a Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem are one of the efficient approaches to solving the problem of Boolean matching and the equivalence checking of digital circuits. In combination with classic routing algorithms and optimization techniques, the SAT methods demonstrate the results exceeding the classic routing algorithms by the operation speed and the quality of obtained results. In the paper, the analysis of the modern practice of using the SAT methods in the CAD systems for VLSI has been performed. The examples of modern SAT approaches to the problems of the formal equivalence checking of digital circuits descriptions within the technological mapping framework and to the routing problem as a part of the FPGA design flow have been considered. The algorithm of the detailed routing of the FPGA switching blocks using the satisfiability problem has been developed and presented. The results of its work have been demonstrated on the example of the programmable logic block of the domestic made integrated circuit 5400TP094. The block has the island architecture, where the configurable logic blocks and switching blocks form a regularly repeated layout template. The properties of the chosen classic architecture permit to expand the region of presented algorithm to the entire class of island style FPGA. The algorithm has been tested on the project benchmarks ISCAS-85, ISCAS-89 and LGSynth-89. The comparison of the developed SAT-based algorithm with the well-known routing algorithm Pathfinder by criteria of the elapsed time and the achieved portion of routed nets in the switching blocks is presented. It has been determined that the considered Boolean satisfiability methods for the routing problem are capable to prove the circuit unroutability, unlike the algorithm Pathfinder which results can only implicitly indicate it. The paper demonstrates that the application of more efficient SAT solver significantly accelerates work of the suggested detailed routing algorithm.

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The Impact of Competitive Quasi-Market on Service Delivery in Benue State University, Makurdi Nigeria

GIS Business ◽

10.26643/gis.v14i4.5120 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 85-98

Author(s):

Idoko Peter

Keyword(s):

Service Delivery ◽

A Priori ◽

Least Square ◽

Secondary Source ◽

State University ◽

Ordinary Least Square ◽

Negative Effect ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

This research the impact of competitive quasi market on service delivery in Benue State University, Makurdi Nigeria. Both primary and secondary source of data and information were used for the study and questionnaire was used to extract information from the purposively selected respondents. The population for this study is one hundred and seventy three (173) administrative staff of Benue State University selected at random. The statistical tools employed was the classical ordinary least square (OLS) and the probability value of the estimates was used to tests hypotheses of the study. The result of the study indicates that a positive relationship exist between Competitive quasi marketing in Benue State University, Makurdi Nigeria (CQM) and Transparency in the service delivery (TRSP) and the relationship is statistically significant (p<0.05). Competitive quasi marketing (CQM) has a negative effect on Observe Competence in Benue State University, Makurdi Nigeria (OBCP) and the relationship is not statistically significant (p>0.05). Competitive quasi marketing (CQM) has a positive effect on Innovation in Benue State University, Makurdi Nigeria (INVO) and the relationship is statistically significant (p<0.05) and in line with a priori expectation. This means that a unit increases in Competitive quasi marketing (CQM) will result to a corresponding increase in innovation in Benue State University, Makurdi Nigeria (INVO) by a margin of 22.5%. It was concluded that government monopoly in the provision of certain types of services has greatly affected the quality of service experience in the institution. It was recommended among others that the stakeholders in the market has to be transparent so that the system will be productive to serve the society effectively

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Influence of Sequential CAD/CAM Milling on the Fitting Accuracy of Titanium Three-Unit Fixed Dental Prostheses

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14061401 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1401

Author(s):

Doo-Bin Song ◽

Man-So Han ◽

Si-Chul Kim ◽

Junyong Ahn ◽

Yong-Woon Im ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Titanium Alloy ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Dental Prostheses ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Fixed Dental Prostheses ◽

Gap Data ◽

Aided Design ◽

Fitting Accuracy

This study investigated the fitting accuracy of titanium alloy fixed dental prostheses (FDP) after sequential CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing) fabrication. A three-unit FDP model connecting mandibular second premolars and molars was prepared and scanned to fabricate titanium FDPs by CAD/CAM milling. A total of six FDPs were sequentially milled in one titanium alloy disk using a new set of burs every time (n = 4). The fitting accuracy of FDPs was mesiodistally evaluated by a silicone replica technique and the measurement was triplicated at four different locations: MO (marginal opening), MG (marginal gap), AG (axial gap), and OG (occlusal gap). Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test. The fitting accuracy of PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) FDPs milled using the worn or new bur were evaluated by the same procedure (n = 6). The mean dimensions of titanium FDP for all measuring positions, except for AG, were significantly increased from the third milling. However, no difference was noted between the first FDP and the second FDP milled with the same set of burs. Severe edge chippings were observed in all milling burs. Detrimental effects of the worn burs on the fitting accuracy were demonstrated in the CAD/CAM-milled PMMA FDP. The results recommend proper changing frequency of cutting burs to achieve the quality of fit and predictable outcomes for dental CAD/CAM prostheses.

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Tourist Viewshed Externalities and Wind Energy Production

Agricultural and Resource Economics Review ◽

10.1017/age.2017.18 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 224-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jacob R. Fooks ◽

Kent D. Messer ◽

Joshua M. Duke ◽

Janet B. Johnson ◽

Tongzhe Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wind Energy ◽

Wind Turbine ◽

Wind Turbines ◽

Energy Production ◽

Hotel Room ◽

Negative Effect ◽

The Impact ◽

Large Wind

This study uses an experiment where ferry passengers are sold hotel room “views” to evaluate the impact of wind turbines views on tourists’ vacation experience. Participants purchase a chance for a weekend hotel stay. Information about the hotel rooms was limited to the quality of the hotel and its distance from a large wind turbine, as well as whether or not a particular room would have a view of the turbine. While there was generally a negative effect of turbine views, this did not hold across all participants, and did not seem to be effected by distance or hotel quality.

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Influence of the perceived benefit of a social network-based sales promotion on the perceived quality of a heritage complex

Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración ◽

10.1108/arla-06-2021-0126 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Esmeralda Crespo-Almendros ◽

M. Belén Prados-Peña ◽

Lucia Porcu ◽

Juan Miguel Alcántara-Pilar

Keyword(s):

Social Network ◽

Perceived Quality ◽

Sales Promotion ◽

Sales Promotions ◽

Content Type ◽

Heritage Sites ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

The Impact

Purpose This study seeks to analyze the influence of the consumer's perceived benefits deriving from two different promotional incentives offered via social media on the perceived quality of the heritage complex.Design/methodology/approach A quasi-experimental study was carried out among online users, implementing two different promotional stimuli. Facebook was selected as the social network through which the promotional incentives were offered in the experiment. The sample was obtained via a panel of Internet users provided by Sondea Internet SL.Findings The results showed that the benefits perceived by the tourists will depend on the sales promotion type offered. On the one hand, free VIP pass was found to be mostly related to hedonic benefits that positively affect perceived quality. On the other hand, 2 × 1 offer would be perceived as a utilitarian benefit and is likely to exert a fairly negative effect on perceived quality.Practical implications Tourism managers and practitioners are encouraged to analyze the characteristics of certain types of sales promotions, as each promotional incentive bears different values and associated benefits. The findings of this study suggest managers and practitioners to implement non-monetary promotions to enhance brand equity and perceived quality. Thus, it is paramount for the managers of cultural institutions and heritage sites to trust in sales promotions which can be very helpful if they are designed carefully.Originality/value This study pioneers the analysis of the impact of the benefits associated with different typologies of sales promotions on social networks on the perceived quality of a heritage site.

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An Analysis of the Effect of selected Factors on microsurgical Performance

Handchirurgie · Mikrochirurgie · Plastische Chirurgie ◽

10.1055/a-1380-3922 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andrzej Zyluk ◽

Konrad Czernikiewicz ◽

Joanna Antoniak ◽

Urszula Abramczyk

Keyword(s):

Physical Exercise ◽

Medical Studies ◽

Latex Glove ◽

Physical Exercises ◽

Surgical Expertise ◽

Negative Effect ◽

The Times ◽

The Impact ◽

Positive Effect

Abstract Background Microsurgery is a specific surgical expertise that involves operating on very small structures, and requires the assistance of a magnifying device: a microscope or loupes. Several factors have been identified that could affect the quality of microsurgical performance in training or surgical procedures. Objective The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the selected factors – caffeine, alcohol and physical exercise – on a microsurgical task prior its performance. Methods Ten students from the 5th and 6th years of medical studies who had completed the advanced microsurgical course performed a “6-stitches test” on a latex glove spanned over a cup prior to and after consumption of caffeine, alcohol and performing physical exercises. The times taken to complete the task at baseline and post-exposure were recorded. Results The results of the study show a statistically significant positive effect of caffeine and a statistically significant negative effect of physical exercise on microsurgical performance when performed shortly before the task. Small dose of alcohol taken before the task showed had little effect on performance.

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Effect of In-office Bleaching on Color, Translucency, and Whiteness Variations in CAD-CAM Monolithic Materials

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/20-119-l ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

RG Fonseca ◽

RC Peńa ◽

R Simóes ◽

AC Ramos ◽

LN Dovigo

Keyword(s):

Optical Properties ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Calculated Data ◽

Color Difference ◽

Deionized Water ◽

Stain Removal ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Aided Design ◽

The Impact

SUMMARY Little is known about the impact of bleaching on the optical properties of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufactured (CAD-CAM) monolithic materials. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of one session of in-office bleaching on stain removal, staining susceptibility, translucency, and whiteness variations of CADCAM monolithic materials. Disks were fabricated from Lava Ultimate (LU), Vita Enamic (VE), Vita Suprinity (VS), and IPS e.max CAD (IPS). A spectrophotometer was used to register Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage L*a*b* coordinates. For stain removal, 80 specimens from each material were assessed at baseline (R0) and after immersion in deionized water or coffee for 365 days followed or not by bleaching with 40% hydrogen peroxide (R1). For staining susceptibility, 80 specimens from each material were analyzed at baseline (R0’), and after having been bleached or not and immersed in deionized water or coffee (R1’). Both analyses were calculated as the color difference (ΔE00) between R1-R0 and R1’-R0’, respectively. Differences in translucency (ΔTP00) and whiteness (ΔWID) between R1-R0 and R1’-R0’ were also calculated. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and the Games-Howell post hoc test (α=0.05). Clinical significance was based on 50%:50% perceptibility and acceptability thresholds for ΔE00, ΔTP00 and ΔWID, respectively. Surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Coffee increased ΔE00 in LU, VE, and VS, and decreased their translucency and whiteness, whereas the IPS had only its whiteness affected. Bleaching after immersion in coffee decreased ΔE00 in LU and VE, and increased translucency and whiteness of LU, VE, and VS. No effect was observed on IPS. Bleaching before immersion in coffee decreased translucency of LU, but within the acceptable interval, while VE exhibited lower ΔE00, and became more translucent and less dark. Both VS and IPS were not affected. One session of in-office bleaching benefited optical properties of the previously stained LU, VE, and VS, without increasing their susceptibility to staining or adversely providing clinically unacceptable variations in their translucency and whiteness. All variations exhibited by the IPS were below the perceptible threshold.

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METAPHYLAXIS OF APPLICATION OF VETERINARY PREPARATIONS «MULTIOMYCIN 1%» AND «YUBERIN ORAL»

Epizootology Immunobiology Pharmacology Sanitation ◽

10.47612/2224-168x-2021-1-41-47 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 41-47

Author(s):

E. V. Romanova

Keyword(s):

Microbial Contamination ◽

Veterinary Drug ◽

Production Test ◽

Combined Use ◽

Negative Effect ◽

The Impact ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Experimental Group

We studied the effect of the antimicrobial drug «Multiomycin 1 %» on the hematological and biochemical pa-rameters of blood, the activity of digestive enzymes (amylase, alkaline phosphatase, protease), the structure of the mi-crobiocenosis of the small and large intestines, and the quality of the products. Based on the results of preclinical stud-ies, a production test was carried out in conjunction with the veterinary drug «Yuberin oral», as well as an assessment of the impact on the productivity of poultry was given. «Multiomycin 1 %» did not adversely affect the chickens. The drug had a positive effect on the activity of the digestive processes, increased their activity. Contributed to a decrease in the total microbial contamination in the contents of the small and large intestines and an increase in the content of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Combined use with yuberin contributed to an increase in safety, an increase in the aver-age daily gain, as well as a decrease in the incidence of gastroenteritis. The weight gain at the end of the experiment in the chickens of the experimental group was 3,74 % higher than in the control. The use of the veterinary drug «Multiomycin 1 %» did not have a negative effect on the quality of the products.

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The Impact of Cutbacks From a Major State Financial Crisis on Organizational Trust

The American Review of Public Administration ◽

10.1177/02750740211053004 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 027507402110530

Author(s):

Marco Tulio Zanini ◽

Carmen Migueles ◽

Juliana Carvalho

Keyword(s):

Financial Crisis ◽

Organizational Trust ◽

Longitudinal Case Study ◽

Public Servants ◽

Negative Behaviors ◽

The Public ◽

Negative Effect ◽

The Impact

Previous research has shown that cutbacks in public spending often impact the range and quality of the public services delivered, leading to negative behaviors on the part of public servants. This article examines how sudden cutbacks caused by a major state financial crisis have an impact on interpersonal trust within a special police unit. We present the results of a longitudinal case study using a combination of qualitative methods. The lack of foreseeability and reliability caused by drastic changes resulting from cutbacks has a negative effect on members’ trust in their capacity to perform.

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