scholarly journals Video Steganography Using LSB Substitution and Sobel Edge Detection

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
Ashty M. Aaref
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
English Text ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Data Embedding ◽  
Edge Point ◽  
Video Steganography ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sobel Edge Detection ◽  
Lsb Substitution

The procedure that involves the in closure of information without altering its intuitive standard is called data embedding. In this paper the secret message (English text) is hidden in the edge of the frames of the .AVI video without changing the details of frames. MATLAB R2013a is utilized to execute this algorithm. The secret message was embedded in the frames 38,39,40,41 and 42 and the reason of selecting those frames is that these frames have sufficient edge point details in them. High embedding and superior quality of encoded secret messages have been accomplished by this design. Additionally, in this project the cover frame image is represented by a 120 frames size 120* 160, and the secret message has been represented with a message comprised of 300 characters Both Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and the Mean Square Error (MSE) have been taken into consideration while analyzing the suggested method as we calculated both PSNR and MSE between the cover frames and the embedded ones. The results obtained were objectively good as the PSNR value ranges from 74.5293dB to 75.9123 dB

scholarly journals Information Hiding using LSB Technique based on Developed PSO Algorithm

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wisam Abed Shukur ◽  
Khalid Kadhim Jabbar
Keyword(s):  
Information Hiding ◽  
Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Pso Algorithm ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Stego Image ◽  
Carrier Medium ◽  
Lsb Technique ◽  
Lsb Substitution

<p>Generally, The sending process of secret information via the transmission channel or any carrier medium is not secured. For this reason, the techniques of information hiding are needed. Therefore, steganography must take place before transmission. To embed a secret message at optimal positions of the cover image under spatial domain, using the developed particle swarm optimization algorithm (Dev.-PSO) to do that purpose in this paper based on Least Significant Bits (LSB) using LSB substitution. The main aim of (Dev. -PSO) algorithm is determining an optimal paths to reach a required goals in the specified search space based on disposal of them, using (Dev.-PSO) algorithm produces the paths of a required goals with most efficient and speed. An agents population is used in determining process of a required goals at search space for solving of problem. The (Dev.-PSO) algorithm is applied to different images; the number of an image which used in the experiments in this paper is three. For all used images, the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) value is computed. Finally, the PSNR value of the stego-A that obtained from blue sub-band colo is equal (44.87) dB, while the stego-B is equal (44.45) dB, and the PSNR value for the stego-C is (43.97)dB, while the vlue of MSE that obtained from the same color sub-bans is (0.00989), stego-B equal to (0.01869), and stego-C is (0.02041). Furthermore, our proposed method has ability to survive the quality for the stego image befor and after hiding stage or under intended attack that used in the existing paper such as Gaussian noise, and salt &amp; pepper noise.</p>

SIGNAL‐TO‐NOISE RATIO AND RECORD QUALITY

Geophysics ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 922-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Junger
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shift ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Random Phase ◽  
Large Change ◽  
Seismic Record ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Change In The Mean ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Noise Ratio

The appearance of a seismic record is a function of the signal‐to‐noise ratio. This ratio is expressed quantitatively, but it can not be measured on the record. The quality of the record is expressed by the lineup of events and constancy of character across the record, but is generally not expressed numerically. The appearance of the record is here expressed numerically by the mean phase shift from perfect lineup of various events. A statistical relationship is established between this mean phase shift and the signal‐to‐noise ratio. A seismic record may be approximated by considering the signal to have a sinusoidal waveform and the noise to be a continuous sine wave with the same frequency as the signal and with random phase shift with respect to the signal on various traces. The resulting record will show a random phase shift, the mean value of which is a function of the signal‐to‐noise ratio. A plot of these two values shows that with increasing signal‐to‐noise ratio there is very little change in the mean phase shift, and thus of the quality of the record, until a value of one‐half for the signal‐to‐noise ratio is reached, showing that the noise dominates the record up to this point. For values of the signal‐to‐noise ratio between one‐half and two, there is a large change in the mean phase shift, indicating a strong visual improvement for this range. For a signal‐to‐noise ratio larger than two, the signal predominates visually, and only a slight improvement in quality can be obtained with additional improvements in the signal‐to‐noise ratio. These conclusions are in agreement with experimental data published elsewhere.

New Approach of Encrypting Embedded Data in H.264 Compressed Video

2011 ◽  
Vol 230-232 ◽  
pp. 346-351
Author(s):  
Tarik Idbeaa ◽  
Kasmiran Jumari ◽  
Salina Abd. Samad ◽  
Ali Abdulgader ◽  
Nidal Eshah
Keyword(s):  
Video Coding ◽  
Video Compression ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Video Sequences ◽  
Compressed Video ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Video Steganography

Digital video steganography has attracted a great deal of research interest in the recent few years in applications. In this paper, we propose a method to embed and encrypt messages into video sequences by using steganography technique Based on the H.264 video coding standard. The system implemented in this work provides robust H.264 video compression constant, without significantly affecting the overall bit rate and quality of the video stream. The results indicate that the algorithm can be implemented steganography fast and efficiently and effect vision and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of video sequences are almost unaffected after decoding.

scholarly journals High-Capacity Image Steganography with Minimum Modified Bits Based on Data Mapping and LSB Substitution

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Zakaria ◽  
Mehdi Hussain ◽  
Ainuddin Wahab ◽  
Mohd Idris ◽  
Norli Abdullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
Data Mapping ◽  
Embedding Capacity ◽  
Secret Data ◽  
Stego Image ◽  
Mapping Strategy ◽  
Lsb Substitution

Steganography is the art and practice of communication using hidden messages. The least significant bits (LSB) based method is the well-known type of steganography in the spatial domain. Usually, achieving the larger embedding capacity in LSB-based methods requires a large number of LSB bits modification which indirectly reduces the visual quality of stego-image and increases the risk of steganalysis detection attacks. In this study, we propose a novel steganography method with data mapping strategy which can reduce the number of bits modification per pixel. In the proposed method, four secret data bits are mapped with the four most significant bits of a cover pixel. Furthermore, the only two LSBs of a pixel are modified to indicate the mapping strategy. Experimental results show that the proposed method is able to achieve 3.48% larger embedding capacity while enhancing the visual quality (i.e., peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) 3.73 dB) and reducing the modification of 0.76 bits per pixel. Moreover, the proposed method provides security against basic Regular and Singular groups (RS) steganalysis and histogram steganalysis detection attacks.

scholarly journals Hiding Voice Message using Both Cryptography and Steganography

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huda Najeeb
Keyword(s):  
Color Image ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Advanced Encryption Standard ◽  
Secret Key ◽  
Stego Image ◽  
Aes Algorithm ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voice Message ◽  
The Voice

The goal of encryption voice is to ensure the preservation of the conversation details and not to allow anyone to tamper with or see it. This conversation is either secret or very private; no one can understand the substance of that information or messages only authorized persons who have own secret key. The best method to protect the voice message from unauthorized persons is to use both cryptography and steganography. This paper reviews the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm used for encrypting voice message and  the Least Signification Bit steganography (LSB) used for embedding encrypted voice message with related key in color image without impacting the content and quality of it. After hiding a secret voice in an image, Stego image is created then is sent to the recipient. The mean square error (MSE) and the signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is calculated to measure the quality of the sent image. The findings of the research are that the stego image cannot be distinguished by the naked eye from the original cover image when the bit value is 1 or 2 and thus we reach the goal to cover the presence of a hidden sound inside.

scholarly journals A robust watermarking algorithm for medical images

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1601
Author(s):  
Ahmed Nagm ◽  
Mohammed Safy
Keyword(s):  
Medical Images ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Patient Privacy ◽  
Secret Code ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Image Quality Index

<p>Integrated healthcare systems require the transmission of medical images between medical centres. The presence of watermarks in such images has become important for patient privacy protection. However, some important issues should be considered while watermarking an image. Among these issues, the watermark should be robust against attacks and does not affect the quality of the image. In this paper, a watermarking approach employing a robust dynamic secret code is proposed. This approach is to process every pixel of the digital image and not only the pixels of the regions of non-interest at the same time it preserves the image details. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated using several performance measures such as the Mean Square Error (MSE), the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), the Universal Image Quality Index (UIQI) and the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM). The proposed approach has been tested and shown robustness in detecting the intentional attacks that change image, specifically the most important diagnostic information.</p>

scholarly journals LSB-based pre-embedding video steganography with rotating & shifting poly-pattern block matrix

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e843
Author(s):  
Murat Hacimurtazaoglu ◽  
Kemal Tutuncu
Keyword(s):  
Similarity Index ◽  
Block Matrix ◽  
User Preference ◽  
Video Frame ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Data Embedding ◽  
Secret Data ◽  
Video Steganography ◽  
Logical Operations ◽  
High Payload

Background In terms of data-hiding areas, video steganography is more advantageous compared to other steganography techniques since it uses video as its cover medium. For any video steganography, the good trade-off among robustness, imperceptibility, and payload must be created and maintained. Even though it has the advantage of capacity, video steganography has the robustness problem especially regarding spatial domain is used to implement it. Transformation operations and statistical attacks can harm secret data. Thus, the ideal video steganography technique must provide high imperceptibility, high payload, and resistance towards visual, statistical and transformation-based steganalysis attacks. Methods One of the most common spatial methods for hiding data within the cover medium is the Least Significant Bit (LSB) method. In this study, an LSB-based video steganography application that uses a poly-pattern key block matrix (KBM) as the key was proposed. The key is a 64 × 64 pixel block matrix that consists of 16 sub-pattern blocks with a pixel size of 16 × 16. To increase the security of the proposed approach, sub-patterns in the KBM are allowed to shift in four directions and rotate up to 270° depending on the user preference and logical operations. For additional security XOR and AND logical operations were used to determine whether to choose the next predetermined 64 × 64 pixel block or jump to another pixel block in the cover video frame to place a KBM to embed the secret data. The fact that the combination of variable KBM structure and logical operator for the secret data embedding distinguishes the proposed algorithm from previous video steganography studies conducted with LSB-based approaches. Results Mean Squared Error (MSE), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) parameters were calculated for the detection of the imperceptibility (or the resistance against visual attacks ) of the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm obtained the best MSE, SSIM and PSNR parameter values based on the secret message length as 0.00066, 0.99999, 80.01458 dB for 42.8 Kb of secret message and 0.00173, 0.99999, 75.72723 dB for 109 Kb of secret message, respectively. These results are better than the results of classic LSB and the studies conducted with LSB-based video steganography approaches in the literature. Since the proposed system allows an equal amount of data embedding in each video frame the data loss will be less in transformation operations. The lost data can be easily obtained from the entire text with natural language processing. The variable structure of the KBM, logical operators and extra security preventions makes the proposed system be more secure and complex. This increases the unpredictability and resistance against statistical attacks. Thus, the proposed method provides high imperceptibility and resistance towards visual, statistical and transformation-based attacks while acceptable even high payload.

scholarly journals Quality Factor terhadap Kapasitas Pesan Rahasia pada Steganografi Citra JPEG dan Kualitas Citra Stego

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
Dian Hafidh Zulfikar
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Quality Factor ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Image Steganography ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Q Factor ◽  
Stego Image ◽  
Jpeg Image ◽  
Human Eye

One of the container media that is available and popular is the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) format image. This article aims to determine the effect of Quality Factor on the secret message capacity of JPEG image steganography and stego image quality. The quality of an image can actually be seen subjectively with the human eye, but this is relative between each individual. Because the assessment of the human eye varies from person to person. In addition, the effect of Quality Factor on secret message capacity is not yet known whether it has an impact. Therefore, in this study the Quality Factor is used to objectively see the secret message capacity of the JPEG image steganography and the quality of the stego image. The parameter used to determine the quality of an image is the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). PSNR will compare the quality of the original image (before steganography) with the stego image. The test results show that the Q Factor effect can affect the secret message capacity of the JPEG image steganography and the stego image quality. The bigger the Q Factor, the more the message capacity is generated. The greater the Q factor, the better the quality of the resulting stego image.

Video Steganography Algorithm for Embedding Data into Raw Video Streams Using Discrete Cosine Transform

2014 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.R. Rajesh ◽  
A. Shajin Nargunam
Keyword(s):  
Secret Message ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Temporal Perception ◽  
Video Streams ◽  
Secret Data ◽  
Still Images ◽  
Video Steganography ◽  
The Past ◽  
Selection Of

This paper presents an algorithm for hiding information’s in raw video steams using art of steganography using discrete wavelet transform. While mostly applied to still images in the past, it has become very popular for video streams recently. When steganographic methods are applied to digital video streams, the selection of target pixels, which are used to store the secret data, is especially crucial for an effective and successful-embedding process; if pixels are not selected carefully, undesired spatial and temporal perception problems occur in the stegno-video. Typically, an irrecoverable steganography algorithm is the algorithm that makes it hard for malicious third parties to discover how it works and how to recover the secret data out of the carrier file. In this paper, a new embedding algorithm is proposed to hide the secret data in moving videos. The 2D-DCT of the video is taken and the secret message is embedded. The performance measures are evaluated for the quality of the video after the data hiding and show good results.

PENINGKATAN KUALITAS HIDUP MELALUI LOGOTERAPI PADA KLIEN YANG MENJALANI HEMODIALISIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Abdul Wakhid ◽  
Ana Puji Astuti ◽  
Maya Kurnia Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
T Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Mean

Logoterapi merupakan terapi untuk menemukan makna positif dibalik sebuah kejadian yang tidak diharapkan. Logoterapi dilaksanakan secara individu maupun berkelompok dalam bentuk konseling dan berorientasi pada pencarian makna hidup individu. Tujuan logoterapi meningkatkan makna pengalaman hidup individu yang diarahkan kepada pengambilan keputusan yang bertanggung jawab. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan rancangan pre-experiment dengan metode pre and post test group, artinya pengumpulan data dilakukan terhadap responden untuk membandingkan kualitas hidup sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan intervensi. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode total sampling yaitu pengambilan seluruh sampel dengan tetap memperhatikan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan. Jumlah pasien yang menjalani hemodialisis di RSUD Ungaran sebanyak 21 orang dan di RSUD Ambarawa sebanyak 25 pasien. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji t test dependent. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa dari 46 responden didapatkan rata-rata skor kualitas hidup pasien yang mejalani hemodialisis sebesar 60.22 dengan skor terrendah 55 dan skor tertinggi 69. Bahwa dari 46 responden didapatkan rata-rata skor kualitas hidup pasien yang mejalani hemodialisis sebesar 88.72 dengan skor terrendah 79 dan skor tertinggi 103. Hasil uji statistik dengan uji t test dependent diketahui ada pengaruh logoterapi terhadap kemampuan memaknai hidup pada klien yang menjalani hemodialisis di RSUD Kabupaten Semarang (p value: 0,0001). Saran perlunya peningkatan kemampuan perawat dalam memberikan layanan kesehatan termasuk pemberian atau pemanduan penemuan makna hidup bagi pasien hemodialysis, agar selain dengan hemodialysis, ada faktor internal dari pasien yang dapat dijadikan sebagai motivasi untuk sembuh dari penyakit.   Kata Kunci: Logoterapi, kualitas hidup   IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS WITH RENAL FAILURE WHO UNDERWENT HEMODIALYSIS   ABSTRACT Logotherapy is a therapy to discover the positive meaning behind an unexpected event. Logotherapy is carried out individually or in groups in the form of counseling and oriented to the search for the meaning of individual life. This study aims to improve the quality of life of patients with renal failure who underwent hemodialysis. This research was conducted by using pre-experiment with pre-post test study. The sampling technique was done by the convenience sampling. The number of patients undergoing hemodialysis as many as 46 respondents. Data analysis was done by using test t test dependent. The result showed that from 46 respondents got the mean of quality of life of patients who had hemodialysis 60.22 with lowest score 55 and highest score 69. Whereas from 46 respondents got the mean score of life quality of patients who had hemodialysis 88.72 with score the lowest score 79 and the highest score 103. The result of statistical test with t test dependent is known there is influence of logoterapi to the ability of meaningful life on client who undergo hemodialysis at Semarang Regency hospitals (p value: 0.0001). Advice on the need to improve the nurse's ability to provide health services, including the provision or guidance of the discovery of the meaning of life for hemodialysis patients, in addition to hemodialysis, there are internal factors of the patient that can be used as a motivation to recover from illness.   Keywords: Logotherapy, quality of life, kidney failure.  

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