Monitoring Flight Activity of Ambrosia Beetles in Ornamental Nurseries with Ethanol-Baited Traps: Influence of Trap Height on Captures

Abstract Ethanol-baited bottle traps were used to monitor spring flight activity of the ambrosia beetles Xylosandrus crassiusculus and Xylosandrus germanus in Ohio, Tennessee, and Virginia. The traps were deployed at three different heights to determine if height influenced captures. X. germanus was captured in all three states, while X. crassiusculus was captured in TN and VA only. Traps 0.5 m above the ground captured more X. germanus than traps at 1.7 or 3.0 m. Traps 0.5 or 1.7 m above the ground captured more X. crassiusculus than traps at 3.0 m. In TN and VA, first activity of X. crassiusculus and X. germanus occurred from mid-March to early April. In OH, first activity of X. germanus occurred early to mid-April. Analysis of attacks by X. germanus on Cornus florida revealed that more than 90% of the attacks occurred on the main trunk within 1 m (3 ft) of the ground. Monitoring will be most effective when traps are suspended 0.5 or < 1.7 m above the ground for X. germanus or X. crassiusculus, respectively. To detect first flight of X. crassiusculus or X. germanus, traps should be deployed by early to mid-March in TN and VA and late March in OH.

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Attraction of Invasive Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to Ethanol-Treated Tree Bolts

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toz282 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Michael E Reding ◽

Christopher M Ranger

Keyword(s):

Acer Rubrum ◽

Screening Tools ◽

Red Maple ◽

Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Attack Trees ◽

Nontarget Species ◽

Xylosandrus Germanus ◽

Tree Stem

Abstract Ethanol-treated bolts (tree stem sections) have potential as monitoring and pesticide screening tools for ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Bolts were infused with ethanol by immersing them for at least 24 h. Attacks on ethanol-treated bolts by Xylosandrus species were compared with captures in ethanol-baited traps. Bolts infused in ethanol were usually as attractive or more attractive to Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) than ethanol-baited bottle traps. Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) were more attracted to bolts than trap in some experiments, but numbers were low and differences were usually not significant. Two techniques for treating bolts with ethanol were compared. Attraction of ambrosia beetles to ethanol-infused bolts were compared with bolts with a drilled cavity filled with ethanol. Drilled bolts filled with ethanol were attractive to X. germanus and were reliably attacked, but numbers of beetles were often lower than in traps and infused bolts. Aged and fresh ethanol-infused bolts were compared with evaluate residual attractiveness. Bolts aged 7 d usually had fewer X. germanus than fresh bolts and traps, and bolts aged 14 d had no beetles. Ethanol-infused bolts from different species of trees were compared. Xylosandrus germanus attacked all species tested with more attacks usually in red maple (Acer rubrum L.). Anisandrus maiche Stark was attracted to ethanol-infused bolts indicating it may attack trees emitting ethanol. Bolts attracted fewer nontarget species than traps, but residual attraction was much less. The selectivity of ethanol-treated bolts for Xylosandrus species should make them useful for monitoring and screening pesticides against those species.

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Attraction of ambrosia beetles to ethanol baited traps in a Slovakian oak forest

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-014-0443-z ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 69 (10) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Juraj Galko ◽

Christo Nikolov ◽

Troy Kimoto ◽

Andrej Kunca ◽

Andrej Gubka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dominant Species ◽

Oak Forests ◽

Oak Forest ◽

Flight Period ◽

Ambrosia Beetles ◽

High Release ◽

Baited Traps ◽

First Time ◽

Xylosandrus Germanus

AbstractThe attractiveness of ultra high release ethanol lures to ambrosia beetles in Slovakian oak forests was tested from 2010 to 2012. A total of 24,705 specimens were captured during this three year period with Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg, 1837) representing 49.28% (12,174 specimens) of the total. Other dominant species captured in the traps were Anisandrus dispar (F., 1792) (27.84%), Xyleborus monographus (F., 1792) (9.72%) and Trypodendron signatum (F., 1792) (6.04%). During this experiment, Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894) was detected for the first time in Slovakia with an increase in capture each year (19, 40 and 77 specimens, respectively). Flight period for ambrosia beetles in Slovakia occurs from the beginning of April through the end of September. This is the first time that ethanol baited traps were deployed in Slovakian oak forests and the lures were an effective tool for monitoring native and non-native ambrosia beetles.

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Recent advances toward the sustainable management of invasive Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles

Journal of Pest Science ◽

10.1007/s10340-021-01382-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Antonio Gugliuzzo ◽

Peter H. W. Biedermann ◽

Daniel Carrillo ◽

Louela A. Castrillo ◽

James P. Egonyu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Physiological Stress ◽

Plant Stress ◽

Real Field ◽

Broad Host Range ◽

Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Rapid Spread ◽

Mycoparasitic Fungi ◽

History Of

AbstractWe provide an overview of both traditional and innovative control tools for management of three Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), invasive species with a history of damage in forests, nurseries, orchards and urban areas. Xylosandrus compactus, X. crassiusculus and X. germanus are native to Asia, and currently established in several countries around the globe. Adult females bore galleries into the plant xylem inoculating mutualistic ambrosia fungi that serve as food source for the developing progeny. Tunneling activity results in chewed wood extrusion from entry holes, sap outflow, foliage wilting followed by canopy dieback, and branch and trunk necrosis. Maintaining plant health by reducing physiological stress is the first recommendation for long-term control. Baited traps, ethanol-treated bolts, trap logs and trap trees of selected species can be used to monitor Xylosandrus species. Conventional pest control methods are mostly ineffective against Xylosandrus beetles because of the pests’ broad host range and rapid spread. Due to challenges with conventional control, more innovative control approaches are being tested, such as the optimization of the push–pull strategy based on specific attractant and repellent combinations, or the use of insecticide-treated netting. Biological control based on the release of entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi, as well as the use of antagonistic bacteria, has yielded promising results. However, these technologies still require validation in real field conditions. Overall, we suggest that management efforts should primarily focus on reducing plant stress and potentially be combined with a multi-faceted approach for controlling Xylosandrus damage.

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Long-Lasting Insecticide Netting for Protecting Tree Stems from Attack by Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11010008 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Christopher M. Ranger ◽

Christopher T. Werle ◽

Peter B. Schultz ◽

Karla M. Addesso ◽

Jason B. Oliver ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Conditions ◽

Ambrosia Beetle ◽

Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Cercis Canadensis ◽

Fine Mesh ◽

Junction Trees ◽

Eastern Redbud ◽

Wood Boring ◽

Xylosandrus Germanus

Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are destructive wood-boring insects of horticultural trees. We evaluated long-lasting insecticide netting for protecting stems against ambrosia beetles. Container-grown eastern redbud, Cercis canadensis, trees were flood-stressed to induce ambrosia beetle attacks, and deltamethrin-treated netting was wrapped from the base of the stem vertically to the branch junction. Trees were deployed under field conditions in Ohio, Virginia, Tennessee, and Mississippi with the following treatments: (1) flooded tree; (2) flooded tree with untreated netting; (3) flooded tree with treated ‘standard mesh’ netting of 24 holes/cm2; (4) flooded tree with treated ‘fine mesh’ netting of 28 holes/cm2; and/or (5) non-flooded tree. Treated netting reduced attacks compared to untreated netting and/or unprotected trees in Mississippi in 2017, Ohio and Tennessee in 2018, and Virginia in 2017–2018. Inconsistent effects occurred in Mississippi in 2018. Fewer Anisandrus maiche, Xylosandrus germanus, and Xyleborinus saxesenii were dissected from trees deployed in Ohio protected with treated netting compared to untreated netting; trees deployed in other locations were not dissected. These results indicate long-lasting insecticide netting can provide some protection of trees from ambrosia beetle attacks.

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Semiochemical-mediated host selection by Xylosandrus spp. ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) attacking horticultural tree crops: a review of basic and applied science

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/tce.2020.51 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 153 (1) ◽

pp. 103-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Christopher M. Ranger ◽

Michael E. Reding ◽

Karla Addesso ◽

Matthew Ginzel ◽

Davide Rassati

Keyword(s):

Host Selection ◽

Management Strategy ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Applied Science ◽

Host Tree ◽

Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Tree Crops ◽

Trees And Shrubs ◽

Xylosandrus Germanus

AbstractExotic ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in the tribe Xyleborini include destructive pests of trees growing in horticultural cropping systems. Three species are especially problematic: Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff), Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), and Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford). Due to similarities in their host tree interactions, this mini-review focuses on these three species with the goal of describing their host-selection behaviour, characterising associated semiochemicals, and assessing how these interactions relate to their management. All three of these Xylosandrus spp. attack a broad range of trees and shrubs. Physiologically stressed trees are preferentially attacked by X. crassiusculus and X. germanus, but the influence of stress on host selection by X. compactus is less clear. Ethanol is emitted from weakened trees in response to a variety of stressors, and it represents an important attractant for all three species. Other host-derived compounds tested are inconsistent or inactive. Verbenone inhibits attraction to ethanol, but the effect is inconsistent and does not prevent attacks. Integrating repellents and attractants into a push–pull management strategy has been ineffective for reducing attacks but could be optimised further. Overall, maintaining host vigour and minimising stress-induced ethanol are keys for managing these insects, particularly X. crassiusculus and X. germanus.

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A SURVEY FOR THE AMBROSIA BEETLES TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM AND GNATHOTRICHUS RETUSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN A SAWMILL USING PHEROMONE-BAITED TRAPS

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent11749-1 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 117 (1) ◽

pp. 49-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

T. L. Shore ◽

J. A. McLean

Keyword(s):

Temporal Distribution ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Mass Trapping ◽

Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽

Trypodendron Lineatum ◽

Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Baited Traps

AbstractThe pheromones lineatum and (+)-sulcatol were used in traps in a sawmill to survey the ambrosia beetles Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) and Gnathotrichus retusus (LeConte) respectively. Spatial and temporal distribution patterns for both species were identified. This information can be used for the establishment of a pheromone-based mass-trapping program for ambrosia beetles. The addition of ethanol and α-pinene to traps baited with (+)-sulcatol significantly increased the catches of G. retusus.

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The first record of two non-native ambrosia beetles in Slovenia: Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1875) and Ambrosiophilus atratus (Eichhoff, 1875) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4657.2.13 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4657 (2) ◽

pp. 397-400 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

TINE HAUPTMAN ◽

BARBARA PIŠKUR ◽

MASSIMO FACCOLI ◽

BLAŽ REKANJE ◽

ANDRAŽ MARINČ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Scientific Literature ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

First Record ◽

Ambrosia Beetle ◽

Beetle Species ◽

Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Entire Surface ◽

Bark And Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Set Up ◽

Xylosandrus Germanus

In September 2017, during the monitoring of the non-native ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894), one specimen of an unknown ambrosia bark beetle species was collected in Slovenia. The specimen was trapped in an ethanol-baited trap located in Klavže (46° 09´ 39˝ N, 13° 48´ 7˝ E), in the western part of Slovenia. The most characteristic feature distinguishing the specimen from other known ambrosia beetle species occurring in Slovenia was the asperities that covered the entire surface of the pronotum. Based on the scientific literature concerning the non-native bark and ambrosia beetles in Europe (Kirkendall & Faccoli 2010) and illustrated identification keys (Rabaglia et al. 2006; Faccoli et al. 2009), we identified the beetle by its morphological characteristics as Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1875). As a result of this find, a specific monitoring was set up in 2018 in Slovenia with the aim to improve the knowledge about occurrence and distribution of A. rubricollis in this country.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFICIENCY OF PHEROMONE-BAITED TRAPS FOR THREE SPECIES OF AMBROSIA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent115303-3 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 115 (3) ◽

pp. 303-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

B. S. Lindgren ◽

J. H. Borden ◽

L. Chong ◽

L. M. Friskie ◽

D. B. Orr

Keyword(s):

Aggregation Pheromone ◽

Release Rate ◽

Mass Trapping ◽

Trypodendron Lineatum ◽

Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Forest Margin ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Funnel Trap ◽

Better Than

AbstractThe optimal release rate of the aggregation pheromone, lineatin, for trapping Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) was 40 μg/24h. Sticky vane traps were more efficient than three other trap types for T. lineatum and Gnathotrichus retusus (LeConte). For G. sulcatus (LeConte), a multiple funnel trap was more efficient than a sticky cylinder trap but no better than vane traps or Scandinavian drainpipe traps. Placement of bait in the middle or bottom of drainpipe traps increased their efficiency in capturing T. lineatum and G. sulcatus. Multiple funnel traps and drainpipe traps releasing lineatin at 10 μg/24h, with an additional dispenser releasing lineatin at 30 μg/24h 1.5–2 m away from the trap caught more T. lineatum than traps releasing lineatin at 10 μg/24h, and were as efficient as traps releasing the pheromone at 40 μg/24h. Thus, the beetles respond strongly to the trap silhouette once attracted to its vicinity. In late April traps placed 15–25 m inside the forest margin caught more T. lineatum than traps at the margin, probably intercepting overwintering beetles before they left the forest. A few strategically placed vane traps among numerous multiple funnel or drainpipe traps are recommended for mass trapping of ambrosia beetles in timber processing areas.

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Seasonal Occurrence and Vertical Distribution of Euschistus servus (Say) and Euschistus tristigmus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Pecan Orchards2

Journal of Entomological Science ◽

10.18474/0749-8004-35.4.421 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 421-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Ted E. Cottrell ◽

Carroll E. Yonce ◽

Bruce W. Wood

Keyword(s):

Vertical Distribution ◽

Aggregation Pheromone ◽

Ground Level ◽

Seasonal Occurrence ◽

Stink Bugs ◽

Late Season ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Euschistus Servus ◽

Trap Height ◽

Combined Data

Euschistus servus (Say) and E. tristigmus (Say) were monitored near and in pecan orchards at ground level only and in pecan orchards from the ground to the upper canopy. Modified pyramidal traps, baited with Euschistus spp. aggregation pheromone, were placed on the ground along a hedgerow adjacent to a pecan orchard, at the orchard edge, and at the orchard center to monitor seasonal occurrence. Vertical distribution of E. servus and E. tristigmus was monitored by placing pheromone-baited traps at preselected heights. Traps on the ground along the hedgerow, orchard edge, and orchard center captured similar numbers of stink bugs each month from May through September, with an increase in October at all locations (combined data for both species). Single traps placed at different heights captured peak numbers of E. servus in early and late season; whereas, traps captured peak numbers of E. tristigmus during the late season. More E. servus were captured in traps on the ground than in traps in the canopy, but more E. tristigmus were captured in the canopy at 9 m. With two baited traps placed at different heights at the same tree, more E. servus were captured on the ground than in the lower or upper canopy, but most E. tristigmus were captured in the lower and upper canopy than on the ground. Placement of traps on the ground or at 9 m resulted in more captures of E. servus on the ground and more captures of E. tristigmus at 9 m. Although E. servus and E. tristigmus were captured both on the ground and in the pecan canopy, numbers of captured E. servus and E. tristigmus were affected by trap height. Thus, sampling Euschistus species in pecan, and possibly other arboreal habitats, should be done throughout the canopy.

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