Semiochemical-mediated host selection by Xylosandrus spp. ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) attacking horticultural tree crops: a review of basic and applied science

2020 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Ranger ◽  
Michael E. Reding ◽  
Karla Addesso ◽  
Matthew Ginzel ◽  
Davide Rassati
Keyword(s):  
Host Selection ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Applied Science ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Tree Crops ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Xylosandrus Germanus

AbstractExotic ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in the tribe Xyleborini include destructive pests of trees growing in horticultural cropping systems. Three species are especially problematic: Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff), Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), and Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford). Due to similarities in their host tree interactions, this mini-review focuses on these three species with the goal of describing their host-selection behaviour, characterising associated semiochemicals, and assessing how these interactions relate to their management. All three of these Xylosandrus spp. attack a broad range of trees and shrubs. Physiologically stressed trees are preferentially attacked by X. crassiusculus and X. germanus, but the influence of stress on host selection by X. compactus is less clear. Ethanol is emitted from weakened trees in response to a variety of stressors, and it represents an important attractant for all three species. Other host-derived compounds tested are inconsistent or inactive. Verbenone inhibits attraction to ethanol, but the effect is inconsistent and does not prevent attacks. Integrating repellents and attractants into a push–pull management strategy has been ineffective for reducing attacks but could be optimised further. Overall, maintaining host vigour and minimising stress-induced ethanol are keys for managing these insects, particularly X. crassiusculus and X. germanus.

scholarly journals Impact of Cover Crops on the Soil Microbiome of Tree Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Castellano-Hinojosa ◽  
Sarah L. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Tree Crops

Increased concerns associated with interactions between herbicides, inorganic fertilizers, soil nutrient availability, and plant phytotoxicity in perennial tree crop production systems have renewed interest in the use of cover crops in the inter-row middles or between trees as an alternative sustainable management strategy for these systems. Although interactions between the soil microbiome and cover crops have been examined for annual cropping systems, there are critical differences in management and growth in perennial cropping systems that can influence the soil microbiome and, therefore, the response to cover crops. Here, we discuss the importance of cover crops in tree cropping systems using multispecies cover crop mixtures and minimum tillage and no-tillage to not only enhance the soil microbiome but also carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling compared to monocropping, conventional tillage, and inorganic fertilization. We also identify potentially important taxa and research gaps that need to be addressed to facilitate assessments of the relationships between cover crops, soil microbes, and the health of tree crops. Additional evaluations of the interactions between the soil microbiome, cover crops, nutrient cycling, and tree performance will allow for more effective and sustainable management of perennial cropping systems.

scholarly journals Long-Lasting Insecticide Netting for Protecting Tree Stems from Attack by Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Ranger ◽  
Christopher T. Werle ◽  
Peter B. Schultz ◽  
Karla M. Addesso ◽  
Jason B. Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Conditions ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Junction Trees ◽  
Eastern Redbud ◽  
Wood Boring ◽  
Xylosandrus Germanus

Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are destructive wood-boring insects of horticultural trees. We evaluated long-lasting insecticide netting for protecting stems against ambrosia beetles. Container-grown eastern redbud, Cercis canadensis, trees were flood-stressed to induce ambrosia beetle attacks, and deltamethrin-treated netting was wrapped from the base of the stem vertically to the branch junction. Trees were deployed under field conditions in Ohio, Virginia, Tennessee, and Mississippi with the following treatments: (1) flooded tree; (2) flooded tree with untreated netting; (3) flooded tree with treated ‘standard mesh’ netting of 24 holes/cm2; (4) flooded tree with treated ‘fine mesh’ netting of 28 holes/cm2; and/or (5) non-flooded tree. Treated netting reduced attacks compared to untreated netting and/or unprotected trees in Mississippi in 2017, Ohio and Tennessee in 2018, and Virginia in 2017–2018. Inconsistent effects occurred in Mississippi in 2018. Fewer Anisandrus maiche, Xylosandrus germanus, and Xyleborinus saxesenii were dissected from trees deployed in Ohio protected with treated netting compared to untreated netting; trees deployed in other locations were not dissected. These results indicate long-lasting insecticide netting can provide some protection of trees from ambrosia beetle attacks.

Platypus quercivorus ambrosia beetles use leaf volatiles in host selection

2020 ◽  
Vol 168 (12) ◽  
pp. 928-939
Author(s):  
Duy Long Pham ◽  
Yasuto Ito ◽  
Ryuichi Okada ◽  
Hidetoshi Ikeno ◽  
Haruna Kazama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Selection ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Leaf Volatiles ◽  
Platypus Quercivorus

A review of the distribution and host plant associations of the platypodine ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae) of Australia, with an electronic species identification key

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4894 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
JAMES R. M. BICKERSTAFF ◽  
SHANNON S. SMITH ◽  
DEBORAH S. KENT ◽  
ROGER A. BEAVER ◽  
AINSLEY E. SEAGO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
Online Databases

Ambrosia beetles (Platypodinae and some Scolytinae) are ecologically and economically important weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) that develop within the sapwood and heartwood of woody plants, and their larval and adult stages are dependent on fungal symbionts. Platypodinae mostly occur in tropical and subtropical biomes, with a few species occurring in temperate regions. Australia has 44 recorded platypodine species including 13 species which may only have been intercepted at or near ports of entries and are without established populations in Australia. The host tree associations and biogeography of Australian Platypodinae are largely undocumented, and no comprehensive identification key exists. Here, we review species records, host tree associations, biogeographic distributions, and morphological characteristics of Australian Platypodinae. For this, we examined collection specimens, monographs, catalogues, taxonomic inventories, journal articles and online databases, and developed an electronic LUCID identification key for 36 species recorded in Australia. This review and identification key will be a valuable resource for forestry managers and biosecurity officers and will support diagnostics and future research of these beetles, their biology, and ecological interactions. 

Potential hosts of Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) among native and agroforestry trees in Kenya

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 499-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.L.O. Nang'ayo ◽  
M.G. Hill ◽  
D.J. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Success ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Prostephanus Truncatus ◽  
Stored Products ◽  
Host Tree Species ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

AbstractThis study was carried out to establish the extent to which an invasive stored products pest, Prostephanus truncatus Horn exploits wood as a feeding and breeding resource in Kenya. Twenty seven out of 84 native and agroforestry trees and shrubs supported the breeding of P. truncatus under laboratory conditions. Adult survival (<1% to 18%) for 8 weeks was recorded on 51 tree species that did not support breeding. The breeding success of this beetle varied widely between host tree species and showed no obvious trends based on tree systematics or wood hardness. Studies of P. truncatus survival on two host tree species found that the greatest increase in the P. truncatus population occurred on stem sapwood, whilst the smallest population increase was on twigs. Breeding also varied greatly from season to season; studies on ten selected host species showed that reproduction was often greatest in wood samples collected and tested during the dry season in September. The implications of these findings for the management of P. truncatus infestations in farm stored maize are discussed.

The first record of two non-native ambrosia beetles in Slovenia: Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1875) and Ambrosiophilus atratus (Eichhoff, 1875) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4657 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
TINE HAUPTMAN ◽  
BARBARA PIŠKUR ◽  
MASSIMO FACCOLI ◽  
BLAŽ REKANJE ◽  
ANDRAŽ MARINČ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
First Record ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Bark And Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Xylosandrus Germanus

In September 2017, during the monitoring of the non-native ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894), one specimen of an unknown ambrosia bark beetle species was collected in Slovenia. The specimen was trapped in an ethanol-baited trap located in Klavže (46° 09´ 39˝ N, 13° 48´ 7˝ E), in the western part of Slovenia. The most characteristic feature distinguishing the specimen from other known ambrosia beetle species occurring in Slovenia was the asperities that covered the entire surface of the pronotum. Based on the scientific literature concerning the non-native bark and ambrosia beetles in Europe (Kirkendall & Faccoli 2010) and illustrated identification keys (Rabaglia et al. 2006; Faccoli et al. 2009), we identified the beetle by its morphological characteristics as Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1875). As a result of this find, a specific monitoring was set up in 2018 in Slovenia with the aim to improve the knowledge about occurrence and distribution of A. rubricollis in this country. 

scholarly journals Symbiont selection via alcohol benefits fungus farming by ambrosia beetles

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (17) ◽  
pp. 4447-4452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Ranger ◽  
Peter H. W. Biedermann ◽  
Vipaporn Phuntumart ◽  
Gayathri U. Beligala ◽  
Satyaki Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partner Choice ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Ambrosia Fungi ◽  
Symbiont Transmission ◽  
Xylosandrus Germanus

Animal–microbe mutualisms are typically maintained by vertical symbiont transmission or partner choice. A third mechanism, screening of high-quality symbionts, has been predicted in theory, but empirical examples are rare. Here we demonstrate that ambrosia beetles rely on ethanol within host trees for promoting gardens of their fungal symbiont and producing offspring. Ethanol has long been known as the main attractant for many of these fungus-farming beetles as they select host trees in which they excavate tunnels and cultivate fungal gardens. More than 300 attacks by Xylosandrus germanus and other species were triggered by baiting trees with ethanol lures, but none of the foundresses established fungal gardens or produced broods unless tree tissues contained in vivo ethanol resulting from irrigation with ethanol solutions. More X. germanus brood were also produced in a rearing substrate containing ethanol. These benefits are a result of increased food supply via the positive effects of ethanol on food-fungus biomass. Selected Ambrosiella and Raffaelea fungal isolates from ethanol-responsive ambrosia beetles profited directly and indirectly by (i) a higher biomass on medium containing ethanol, (ii) strong alcohol dehydrogenase enzymatic activity, and (iii) a competitive advantage over weedy fungal garden competitors (Aspergillus, Penicillium) that are inhibited by ethanol. As ambrosia fungi both detoxify and produce ethanol, they may maintain the selectivity of their alcohol-rich habitat for their own purpose and that of other ethanol-resistant/producing microbes. This resembles biological screening of beneficial symbionts and a potentially widespread, unstudied benefit of alcohol-producing symbionts (e.g., yeasts) in other microbial symbioses.

The Storage of Ambrosia Fungus Spores by the Pitted Ambrosia Beetle, Corthylus punctatissimus Zimm. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Finnegan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Abdominal Tergite ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Small Cavity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Xylosandrus Germanus

During the course of a study of the bionomics of the pitted ambrosia beetle, Corthylus punctatissimus Zimm., in southern Ontario in 1959, the method of overwintering fungal spores and their transmission from brood galleries to healthy plants by the beetles was determined. This process was not clearly understood with respect to any of the ambrosia beetles until recently when Francke-Grosmann (1956) described in detail the different structures, present in several species of Platypodidae and Scolytidae, used in storing fungal spores. In Scolytidae she found that the females of some Trypodendron species store spores in tube-like structures within the prothorax (invaginations of the prothoracic wall); that females of Xylosandrus germanus Bldf. and Anisandrus dispar Fabr. keep spores overwinter in shallow pouches in the intersegmental membrane between the pronotum and mesonotum; that females of Xyleborinus saxeseni Ratz. store them in a small cavity at the anterior edge of the elytra; and that females of Xyleborus pfeili Ratz. store the spores in a receptacle on the “posterior” abdominal tergite. In some species of Platypodidae she found somewhat similar structures in both males and females. In 1959 Fernando (1959) described spore storage by the shot-hole borer, Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh. He found that females store spores in sacs on either side of the head, situated anterior to the brain, and that the sacs open by ducts into the upper part of the oral cavity.

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