scholarly journals Basic residential neighborhood infrastructure financing in Nigeria urban cities: Community development associations (CDAs)-based approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1242
Author(s):  
Tosin Babatola Fateye ◽  
Victoria O. Odunfa ◽  
Abayomi S. Ibisola ◽  
Ayodele A. Ibuoye
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Residential Neighborhood ◽  
Communal Relationships ◽  
Major Mode ◽  
Weighted Score ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
High Level

The study examined the community-based approach to finance basic public infrastructures in residential neighborhoods. The primary objectives of the study were to determine the condition of public infrastructures, the level of community engagement, the modalities of financing and the prominent influencing factors. The study adopted convenience sampling and questionnaire survey techniques. A total of 120 questionnaires were administered to residents of selected high-income communities (HICs) and low/medium-income communities (L/MICs), out of which 48 (80%) and 52 (86.67%) were retrieved, respectively, and analyzed. The study deployed descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation models and mean weighted score to analyze the data. The study found that the residents were satisfied with the security of the neighborhoods but deplored the state of the public potable water infrastructure in both communities. However, the residents in the HICs enjoy a better condition of road infrastructure compared with L/MICs. The residents in both communities indicated a high level of involvement in the financing of public infrastructures, with major engagement in security and waste disposal/management infrastructures. However, the HICs engaged more in road grading/maintenance, while the provision of community potable water was given as a priority by the L/MICs. The major mode of financing basic communal infrastructures is through membership levy/contribution, and prominent influencing factors are cooperation among members, fundraising and income status. Therefore, while private-sector support funds, such as from the CDAs, help in cushioning the effects of basic infrastructure decay, governments at all levels should provide an enabling environment that will motivate mutual communal relationships through integrated infrastructure policies.

scholarly journals Lymphocyte Homing to Bronchus-associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Is Mediated by L-selectin/PNAd, α4β1 Integrin/VCAM-1, and LFA-1 Adhesion Pathways

2003 ◽  
Vol 197 (10) ◽  
pp. 1255-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baohui Xu ◽  
Norbert Wagner ◽  
Linh Nguyen Pham ◽  
Vincent Magno ◽  
Zhongyan Shan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Lymphocyte Migration ◽  
High Endothelial Venules ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Selectin Ligand ◽  
High Level ◽  
Migration Pathways ◽  
B And T Lymphocytes

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) participates in airway immune responses. However, little is known about the lymphocyte–endothelial adhesion cascades that recruit lymphocytes from blood into BALT. We show that high endothelial venules (HEVs) in BALT express substantial levels of VCAM-1, in marked contrast to HEVs in other secondary lymphoid tissues. BALT HEVs also express the L-selectin ligand PNAd. Anti–L-selectin, anti-PNAd, and anti–LFA-1 mAbs almost completely block the homing of B and T lymphocytes into BALT, whereas anti–α4 integrin and anti–VCAM-1 mAbs inhibit homing by nearly 40%. α4β7 integrin and MAdCAM-1 are not involved. Importantly, we found that mAbs against α4 integrin and VCAM-1 significantly block the migration of total T cells (80% memory phenotype) but not naive T and B cells to BALT. These results suggest that an adhesion cascade, which includes L-selectin/PNAd, α4β1 integrin/VCAM-1, and LFA-1, targets specific lymphocyte subsets to BALT. This high level of involvement of α4β1 integrin/VCAM-1 is unique among secondary lymphoid tissues, and may help unify lymphocyte migration pathways and immune responses in BALT and other bronchopulmonary tissues.

scholarly journals Economic Growth, Policies and Influencing Factors: The Case of Albania

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Eleni Vangjeli ◽  
Anila Mancka
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Monetary and fiscal policies are two policies that the government could use to keep a high level of growth, with a low inflancion. Fiscal policy has its initial impact on the stock market, while monetary policy in market assets. But, given that the goods and active markets are closely interrelated, both policies, monetary as well as fiscal have impact on the economy, increasing the level of product through the reduction of interest rates. In our paper we will show how functioning monetary and fiscal policies. But also in our paper we will analyze the different factors which have affected the economic growth of the country. The focus of our study is the graphical and empirical analysis of economic growth, policies and influencing factors. For the empirical analysis we have used data on the economic growth in Albania for 1996– 2014.

scholarly journals Involvement of Personnel as a Key Reserve of Raising Efficiency of Today’s Companies’ Work

2018 ◽  
pp. 103-115
Author(s):  
N. V. Gromova
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Job Description ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
High Level

The article studies a relatively new for Russian economy indicator, i.e. personnel involvement. Practice of development and implementation of personnel involvement programs is rather widely spread in overseas organizations. In Russia programs of raising personnel involvement are used only in big companies. Personnel involvement is considered as an indicator of relations 'organization - worker', when the worker is ready to fulfill functions beyond the frames of his/her job description, to apply extra efforts in order to reach the set goals, to recommend the company as an honest employer and to continue working for the company as long as possible. It was found that personnel involvement is a complicated integrated indicator, which is affected by many factors. The author formulated the key groups of factors determining the level of personnel involvement. By analyzing the practice of home and overseas companies it is shown that employees with high level of involvement can provide higher results of the company work at the same time the interrelation between involvement and key business-coefficients of the company was revealed. Competitive advantages gained by today's companies, which use technologies of raising personnel involvement are grounded. Promising lines and trends of raising personnel involvement are formulated.

Tourism suppliers’ view of the role of government initiatives and tourism competitiveness in distressed contexts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erisher Woyo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Economies ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Government Involvement ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Level

This chapter analyses the role of government initiatives in tourism competitiveness, using data collected from suppliers operating in a distressed tourist destination. The government’s involvement in the process of tourism development, especially in developing countries, is critical. The role and participation of governments in tourism development vary from minimal to a high level of involvement. Developing economies with ongoing political and economic challenges like Zimbabwe have not been comprehensively researched, especially on the nexus between competitiveness and government initiatives. Using qualitative data from a convenience sample of 15 hospitality and tourism managers in Zimbabwe, it was found that the role of government is important for enhancing tourism competitiveness. The study concludes that a higher level of government involvement is needed for Zimbabwe to enhance competitiveness. The government should play a greater role, especially in providing an enabling environment for improved competitiveness while reducing corruption.

The Role of Women

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Bramadat
Keyword(s):  
Senior Pastors ◽  
Christian Reformed ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Evangelical Churches ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Evangelical Women ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Church

Whenever I describe the IVCF to non-Christian academic peers, they almost invariably express their astonishment at the fact that at virtually every IVCF event I attend, approximately 70% of the participants are women. Perhaps this level of involvement is not unusual in the world of contemporary Protestantism; after all, in many of the churches IVCF members attend every Sunday, women outnumber men. However, the proportion of women to men is not as high in evangelical churches as it is in the IVCF (Bibby 1987:102; Rawlyk 1996:143). As well, women’s roles are usually much more tightly controlled in many if not most evangelical churches than they are in the IVCF. In fact, IVCF participants who attend churches in the Fellowship Baptist, Christian Reformed, and Brethren traditions may never see a woman in the pulpit, or, if women are allowed to speak at the front of the church, they are not usually permitted to become senior pastors or interpret the Bible. At the IVCF functions I have attended, however, women are in no way restricted in their abilities to lead worship, deliver sermons, organize events, or perform any of the myriad tasks involved in maintaining the group. In fact, the chapter’s paid staff worker is a woman, and she tries to ensure that the position of president alternates between a male and a female student every other year. I began to wonder how to make sense of the high level of female participation at every McMaster IVCF event I attended, especially in light of the fact that the scholarly literature on evangelicalism in North America often depicts the tradition as inimical or opposed to the egalitarian or feminist values that are so prevalent at universities. During my research, I found that many, but not all, of the evangelical women I interviewed maintain nonegalitarian views on the role of women. In other words, the common academic depiction of the place of women in evangelicalism seems to be confirmed by my experience, even though I hope to nuance this portrayal somewhat.

scholarly journals Spatial-Temporal Pattern and Its Influencing Factors on Urban Tourism Competitiveness in City Agglomerations Across the Guanzhong Plain

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6743
Author(s):  
Jia Wan ◽  
Junping Yan ◽  
Xiaomeng Wang ◽  
Ziqiang Liu ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Urban Tourism ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Tourism Resources ◽  
High Level ◽  
Environment Condition

Strengthening research on urban tourism competitiveness is vital in evaluating the current situation and potential of urban tourism, maintaining the sustainable development of the tourism economy and assisting in the regional macro decision making. In this study, an index system evaluation of urban tourism competitiveness in city agglomerations across the Guanzhong Plain is established by collecting cross-section data from the years 2017 and 2010. The entropy value method is adopted to determine the index weight. Cluster analysis is performed and the spatial-temporal pattern and evolution laws of urban tourism competitiveness among city agglomerations in the Guanzhong Plain are analyzed and the geographic detector utilized to discuss the influencing factors. Results show that the spatial gradient difference of urban tourism competitiveness of agglomerations in the Guanzhong Plain is significant. In 2010, it presented the characteristic of ‘the high and middle levels having a zonal distribution from east to west, and the low level was distributed along the north and south wings’. In 2017, the characteristic of ‘polarization’ became highly prominent, that is, the scope of high-level and low-level cities expanded and the scope of medium-level cities decreased. Urban tourism competitiveness in city agglomerations across the Guanzhong Plain exhibited a trend of ‘strengthening in the east, weakening in the west’. The competitiveness of resources and management shifted aggressively and supporting factors competitiveness underwent a slight change. The urban tourism competitiveness of city agglomerations in the Guanzhong Plain is generally low, while the urban tourism competitiveness of Xi’an had an absolute advantage in city agglomerations of the Guanzhong Plain. According to the cluster analysis results, resources and management competitiveness, supporting factors competitiveness, demand conditions competitiveness, situational conditions competitiveness and urban tourism competitiveness of Xi’an in 2010 and 2017 were all at an extremely high level, which was relatively higher than the index values of other cities in the city agglomerations of the Guanzhong Plain. Tourism resources, service support capacity, infrastructure support capacity, tourism income scale, tourism reception scale and economic development power are the core influencing factors of urban tourism competitiveness among city agglomerations in the Guanzhong Plain. The single factor explanatory power of destination management indicates a downward trend while the single factor explanatory power of the ecological environment condition shows an upward trend. Tourism resources are the leading interactive factor of urban tourism competitiveness, and destination management and ecological environment condition are the most significant indicators for the collaborative effect.

BELIEFS IN SYMBOLIC CATHARSIS: THE IMPORTANCE OF INVOLVEMENT WITH AGGRESSIVE SPORTS

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Wann ◽  
Jeffrey D. Carlson ◽  
Lisa C. Holland ◽  
Bryan E. Jacob ◽  
Dale A. Owens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Substantial Proportion ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
High Level

Although previous investigations have consistently refuted the notion of catharsis, research indicates that a substantial proportion of the general population continues to believe that aggression can lead to a lowering of subsequent aggression. The current study examined the relationships among involvement in aggressive and nonaggressive sports and beliefs in symbolic sport catharsis (i.e., the belief that watching aggressive sports will lead to a reduction in aggression). The results supported the hypothesized pattern of effects as persons with a high level of involvement with aggressive sports were particularly likely to believe that watching aggressive sports on television and in person can lead to a reduction in aggressive behavior. Also consistent with expectations, differences in beliefs in symbolic sport catharsis were not found between groups differing in their involvement with nonaggressive sports.

Need for Cognition as Determinant of Response to Rational and Emotional Ad Appeals

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
Richa Agrawal ◽  
Vinay Patangia
Keyword(s):  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Insurance Policy ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Emotional Appeals ◽  
Advertising Appeal ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Emotional Approach

Advertising communications are one way, they are also impersonal and receivers are not obliged to listen or even pretend to as they would in a personal exchange. They are free to ignore the message, remember it, or forget it as they please. This makes it imperative for advertisers to create messages that will intrude on the consumers' perceptual defences. Advertising hence, by necessity, must use powerful emotional and rational ad appeals to be noticed. While rational appeals would go down well with the left brainers (high on cognition), emotional appeals would be well received by the right brainers (high on feelings). Need for cognition represents the tendency of individuals to engage in and enjoy thinking. It may be described as the need to structure relevant situations in meaningful integrated ways and a need to undertsand and make sense out of the experiential world. It is helpful in understanding how argument strength and endorser attractiveness in advertisements may influence consumer attitudes. Insurance is universally acknowledged to be an institution that handles risk and provides security to an individual and his/her family. Given the fact that it also has a bearing on his/her future income (through the element of saving and investment); and offers him/her additional tax saving benefits; one may conclude that purchasing of insurance policy is a complex and high involvement decision for both emotional and rational reasons. An individual ranking high on a rational approach to a product and at the same time exhibiting a high degree of involvement would need more facts and evidences for making a decision. While, another individual taking a more emotional approach to the product and exhibiting the same high level of involvement would be influenced by strong emotional appeals. What should then be the stand of the advertisers when developing ads of insurance policy? What works best – an emotional approach or a rational appeal? The present paper is an attempt at investigating whether variations in the need for cognition makes individuals favour a particular type of appeal, especially in case of advertisements of insurance policy. The study is exploratory in nature with 2×2 factorial design, wherein need for cognition and types of appeals are independent variables and consumers response is the dependent variable, Independent variable of need for cognition has two levels high and low; whereas advertising appeal has two categories rational and emotional. The study proposes to examine whether there are significant variations in the responses of individuals having high and low need for cognition towards emotional and rational ad appeals, in case of advertisements of insurance policy. The findings of the study would enable marketers and advertisers in developing suitable ads for insurance policy.

scholarly journals Extreme Branding: Examining Brand Devotion of Fashion Companies by Customers Using Social Media

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Czajkowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Brand Community ◽  
Product Review ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Media Companies ◽  
High Level

This paper looks at how social media is used as part of company branding to encourage customer loyalty. The research presents a case study of lululemon andIts Facebook page and customer product review page to illustrate the importance of social media, using content analysis to interpret the data gathered. The case study shows evidence that a brand community exists on lululemon’s Facebook page, illustrating the importance of social media to customers. The paper concludes that because customers have a high level of involvement in social media, companies would benefit from maintaining a high level of involvement in that same media. The Paper suggests that further research could determine whether the involvement of companies via social media does affect their level of loyalty.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document